Table 3.
Age and sex standardised prevalence of diabetes, prediabetes, and risk factors among adults living in mainland China
| Characteristics | No of participants | Percentage estimated prevalence (95% confidence interval) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-reported diabetes | Self-reported diabetes or fasting plasma glucose ≥7 mmol/L | Self-reported diabetes, fasting plasma glucose ≥7 mmol/L, or two hour plasma glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L | Self-reported diabetes, fasting plasma glucose ≥7 mmol/L, two hour plasma glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L, or HbA1c ≥6.5% | Prediabetes | ||
| Overall | 75 880 | 6.0 (5.4 to 6.7) | 8.7 (8.1 to 9.3) | 11.2 (10.5 to 11.9) | 12.8 (12.0 to 13.6) | 35.2 (33.5 to 37.0) |
| Sex: | ||||||
| Men | 36 819 | 6.4 (5.6 to 7.2) | 9.7 (8.9 to 10.5) | 12.1 (11.3 to 13.0) | 13.7 (12.8 to 14.7) | 37.0 (35.2 to 38.9) |
| Women | 39 061 | 5.6 (5.1 to 6.2) | 7.7 (7.1 to 8.3) | 10.3 (9.5 to 11.1) | 11.8 (10.9 to 12.7) | 33.4 (31.6 to 35.3) |
| P for difference | — | 0.01 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Urbanisation: | ||||||
| Urban | 40 560 | 7.1 (6.6 to 7.7) | 9.6 (9.0 to 10.3) | 12.2 (11.4 to 13.1) | 13.7 (12.7 to 14.7) | 34.6 (31.6 to 37.7) |
| Rural | 35 320 | 5.0 (4.3 to 5.9) | 7.9 (7.0 to 8.9) | 10.3 (9.2 to 11.6) | 12.0 (10.7 to 13.3) | 35.8 (32.2 to 39.6) |
| P for difference | — | 0.08 | 0.49 | 0.76 | 0.92 | 0.29 |
| Age group: | ||||||
| 18-29 | 17 873 | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.2) | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.8) | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.1) | 2.0 (1.5 to 2.7) | 20.2 (18.2 to 22.40) |
| 30-39 | 15 082 | 2.6 (2.1 to 3.2) | 4.2 (3.6 to 4.8) | 5.4 (4.6 to 6.3) | 6.3 (5.4 to 7.3) | 29.9 (27.4 to 32.5) |
| 40-49 | 16 686 | 4.8 (4.1 to 5.7) | 8.2 (7.4 to 9.1) | 10.6 (9.6 to 11.6) | 12.1 (11.1 to 13.3) | 40.0 (38.0 to 41.9) |
| 50-59 | 12 736 | 10.6 (9.6 to 11.7) | 15.0 (14.1 to 16.1) | 18.9 (17.8 to 20.1) | 21.1 (19.8 to 22.6) | 47.1 (44.9 to 49.4) |
| 60-69 | 8205 | 14.9 (12.8 to 17.3) | 19.7 (17.6 to 22.0) | 25.5 (23.3 to 27.9) | 28.8 (26.5 to 31.3) | 47.8 (45.0 to 50.6) |
| ≥70 | 5298 | 16.5 (13.8 to 19.5) | 21.4 (18.6 to 24.4) | 28.8 (25.7 to 32.1) | 31.8 (28.8 to 35.1) | 47.6 (44.3 to 51.0) |
| P for trend | — | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity: | ||||||
| Han | 68 064 | 6.1 (5.5 to 6.8) | 8.8 (8.2 to 9.5) | 11.3 (10.6 to 12.0) | 12.8 (12.0 to 13.7) | 35.4 (33.6 to 37.3) |
| Tibetan | 2034 | 1.5 (0.6 to 3.3) | 1.9 (0.7 to 5.0) | 4.2 (3.8 to 4.6) | 6.5 (6.1 to 6.9) | 34.4 (26.3 to 43.6) |
| Uyghur | 2159 | 4.6 (4.2 to 5.0) | 7.8 (6.4 to 9.5) | 9.1 (7.4 to 11.0) | 11.5 (9.6 to 13.6) | 20.2 (12.6 to 30.7) |
| Hui | 1661 | 1.8 (0.5 to 7.0) | 4.4 (2.6 to 7.3) | 5.4 (3.6 to 8.1) | 6.3 (3.9 to 9.9) | 36.2 (31.3 to 41.4) |
| Zhuang | 1962 | 3.8 (1.5 to 9.1) | 5.6 (2.5 to 12.3) | 10.0 (6.6 to 14.7) | 11.4 (7.7 to 16.5) | 35.5 (34.6 to 36.4) |
| P for difference | — | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.005 |
| Region: | ||||||
| South | 6882 | 5.8 (3.0 to 10.7) | 8.3 (5.3 to 12.7) | 11.6 (8.2 to 16.1) | 12.8 (9.5 to 16.9) | 35.1 (32.7 to 37.1) |
| North | 12 112 | 6.6 (5.2 to 8.4) | 9.2 (7.7 to 10.9) | 11.4 (9.7 to 13.4) | 14.2 (12.5 to 16.2) | 37.4 (33.0 to 42.0) |
| East | 17 206 | 5.9 (5.1 to 6.7) | 8.2 (7.5 to 9.1) | 10.7 (9.9 to 11.5) | 12.2 (10.9 to 13.5) | 33.7 (30.1 to 37.5) |
| Central | 7823 | 6.6 (5.5 to 7.9) | 8.7 (7.8 to 9.6) | 10.5 (9.8 to 11.2) | 12.3 (11.7 to 12.8) | 38.0 (35.4 to 40.7) |
| Southwest | 11 347 | 4.7 (3.7 to 6.1) | 8.8 (7.5 to 10.4) | 11.9 (10.0 to 14.2) | 13.3 (10.8 to 16.3) | 37.7 (31.8 to 44.1) |
| Northwest | 13 147 | 5.7 (4.4 to 7.4) | 8.2 (7.0 to 9.6) | 10.7 (9.6 to 12.0) | 12.1 (10.9 to 13.6) | 31.7 (28.3 to 35.3) |
| Northeast | 7363 | 6.8 (4.8 to 9.6) | 10.0 (7.7 to 12.8) | 12.7 (10.2 to 15.6) | 12.9 (10.5 to 15.8) | 31.3 (24.7 to 38.7) |
| P for difference | — | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.33 | 0.10 | 0.04 |
| Income per year (¥): | ||||||
| ≤30 000 | 32 339 | 5.9 (5.2 to 6.6) | 8.7 (7.9 to 9.5) | 11.3 (10.4 to 12.3) | 12.9 (11.9 to 14.0) | 35.7 (33.8 to 37.7) |
| >30 000 | 42 552 | 6.3 (5.7 to 7.0) | 8.9 (8.3 to 9.6) | 11.4 (10.7 to 12.1) | 12.9 (12.0 to 13.8) | 35.0 (32.9 to 37.1) |
| P for difference | — | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.01 |
| Education: | ||||||
| Less than high school | 34 856 | 5.8 (5.1 to 6.7) | 8.8 (7.9 to 9.8) | 11.3 (10.3 to 12.5) | 12.9 (11.8 to 14.1) | 36.9 (34.2 to 39.7) |
| High school and above | 40 729 | 6.6 (6.1 to 7.3) | 9.0 (8.4 to 9.6) | 11.5 (10.8 to 12.2) | 13.2 (12.5 to 14.0) | 34.6 (32.7 to 36.5) |
| P for difference | — | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Cigarette smoking: | ||||||
| Current non-smoker | 55 958 | 6.2 (5.5 to 6.9) | 8.7 (8.1 to 9.4) | 11.4 (10.7 to 12.1) | 12.9 (12.1 to 13.7) | 35.0 (33.2 to 36.9) |
| Occasional smoker | 2626 | 6.2 (4.6 to 8.3) | 9.9 (8.6 to 11.2) | 12.0 (10.9 to 13.3) | 13.5 (12.2 to 14.9) | 35.2 (31.5 to 39.0) |
| Regular smoker | 17 246 | 6.7 (5.7 to 7.9) | 10.0 (8.7 to 11.5) | 11.9 (10.4 to 13.6) | 13.6 (11.9 to 15.4) | 34.2 (31.4 to 37.1) |
| P for trend | — | 0.38 | 0.08 | 0.42 | 0.33 | 0.50 |
| Family history of diabetes: | ||||||
| Yes | 12 348 | 15.3 (14.1 to 16.5) | 18.6 (17.4 to 19.9) | 21.6 (20.2 to 23.2) | 23.3 (21.8 to 25.0) | 33.2 (30.9 to 35.4) |
| No | 63 503 | 4.5 (4.1 to 5.0) | 7.1 (6.6 to 7.6) | 9.5 (8.9 to 10.1) | 11.0 (10.3 to 11.7) | 35.4 (33.6 to 37.2) |
| P for difference | — | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index: | ||||||
| <25 | 47 749 | 5.0 (4.4 to 5.7) | 6.8 (6.2 to 7.5) | 8.8 (8.0 to 9.6) | 10.0 (9.2 to 10.9) | 33.0 (31.1 to 35.0) |
| 25 to <30 | 23 178 | 7.4 (6.7 to 8.2) | 10.8 (10.0 to 11.7) | 13.8 (13.0 to 14.7) | 15.6 (14.7 to 16.6) | 38.9 (36.6 to 41.4) |
| ≥30 | 4786 | 9.8 (8.8 to 10.9) | 15.3 (14.4 to 16.2) | 20.1 (18.9 to 21.5) | 23.0 (21.8 to 24.2) | 43.1 (40.3 to 46.0) |
| P for trend | — | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.03 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm): | ||||||
| Men ≥90, women ≥80 | 41 736 | 7.4 (6.7 to 8.3) | 11.1 (10.3 to 11.9) | 14.2 (13.4 to 15.2) | 16.2 (15.2 to 17.1) | 38.9 (36.9 to 40.9) |
| Men <90, women <80 | 33 827 | 4.4 (3.8 to 5.1) | 6.2 (5.5 to 7.0) | 8.0 (7.2 to 8.9) | 9.3 (8.3 to 10.3) | 33.1 (31.2 to 35.1) |
| P for difference | — | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
¥
100=£12; €13; $14. Some values were missing in the total population: 989 for income, 295 for education, 50 for cigarette smoking, 29 for family history of diabetes, 167 for body mass index, and 317 for waist circumference.