Table 1.
Participants characteristics by sex.
| Characteristics | Men (N=131) | Women (N=299) | Total (N=430) | P valuea | |||||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 68.7 (5.3) | 67.9 (4.7) | 68.2 (4.9) | .14 | |||||
| Education (years; n=291, 94 men and 197 women), mean (SD) | 9.0 (4.3) | 9.5 (4.5) | 9.3 (4.5) | .34 | |||||
| Living alone, n (%) | 6 (4.6) | 33 (11.0) | 39 (9.1) | .03 | |||||
| Smoking, n (%) | 15 (11.4) | 18 (6.1) | 33 (7.7) | .05 | |||||
| Functional limitation in one ADLb, n (%) | 21 (16.0) | 56 (18.7) | 77 (17.9) | .49 | |||||
| Functional limitation in two IADLc, n (%) | 5 (3.8) | 8 (2.7) | 13 (3.0) | .52 | |||||
| Functional limitation in three mobility activities, n (%) | 5 (3.8) | 30 (10.0) | 35 (8.1) | .03 | |||||
| Multimorbidity, n (%) | 62 (47.3) | 204 (68.2) | 266 (61.9) | <.001 | |||||
| Falls, n (%) | 24 (18.3) | 91 (30.4) | 115 (26.7) | .01 | |||||
| Fractures, n (%) | 16 (12.2) | 58 (19.4) | 74 (17.2) | .07 | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 29.0 (4.8) | 29.7 (5.6) | 29.5 (5.4) | .20 | |||||
| Nutritional state, n (%) | .48 | ||||||||
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Underweight (BMI<20) | 2 (1.5) | 3 (1.0) | 5 (1.2) |
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Normal (BMI 20-24.9) | 24 (18.3) | 62 (20.7) | 86 (20.0) |
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Overweight (BMI 25-29.9) | 57 (43.5) | 108 (36.1) | 165 (38.4) |
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Obese (BMI≥30) | 48 (36.6) | 126 (42.1) | 174 (40.5) |
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| Calf circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 37.0 (3.2) | 35.5 (3.4) | 36.0 (3.4) | <.001 | |||||
| Knee height (cm), mean (SD) | 51.8 (2.7) | 47.4 (2.2) | 48.8 (3.1) | <.001 | |||||
| Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 101.4 (11.8) | 94.7 (12.9) | 96.7 (12.9) | <.001 | |||||
| Hip circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 102.1 (9.4) | 105.8 (11.4) | 104.7 (10.9) | .001 | |||||
| Handgrip strength (kg), mean (SD) | 34.8 (8.5) | 20.2 (5.6) | 24.6 (9.5) | <.001 | |||||
| Lean mass (kg), mean (SD) | 51.1 (6.6) | 36.6 (5.2) | 41.0 (8.8) | <.001 | |||||
| Lean mass/fat mass, mean (SD) | 2.4 (1.4) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.7 (1.0) | <.001 | |||||
| Gait speed (m/sec), mean (SD) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) | <.001 | |||||
aBased on t test, except categorical variables, which were based on Pearson chi-square test.
bADL: activities of daily living.
cIADL: instrumental activities of daily living.