Figure 2.

Vesicular trafficking is modulated by T3SS effectors in Shigella‐invaded Jurkat cells. (a) Jurkat cells were infected with GFP wild‐type (WT) Shigella or the ipaJvirA mutant for 30 min followed by 1 h30 incubation with gentamicin to kill extracellular bacteria. Cells were fixed, permeabilised, and then labelled with anti‐GM130 and anti‐Rab11 mAbs. Images are representative of three independent experiments. The cells are delineated by a dotted line. The arrows indicate the invaded cells. (b–c) Flow cytometry analysis on 20,000 cells per time point of T cell receptor (TCR; CD3) recycling (b) or TCR (CD3) endocytosis (c) in Jurkat cells non‐infected or infected with WT Shigella, or the mutant strains mxiD or ipaJvirA. Data are presented as the percentage of internalised receptors that have recycled to the cell surface (b) or as the percentage of internalised TCR (c) and are from five independent experiments. (b–c) M ± SD, *p < .05, **p < .005, ***p < .0005, ****p < .0001 (Tukey's multiple comparisons test). NI, non‐infected