Table 1.
List of theranostic nanomaterials that deliver photosensitizer and also act as US and/or photoacoustic contrast agents
| Nanomaterial | Model | Photosensitizer dose/DLI | Imaging parameters | Tumor targeting | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nanoagents for US contrast and delivering PS | |||||
| Porphyrin‐grafted lipid microbubble (PGL‐MB) |
PC3 Human prostate cancer xenograft in mice |
Porphyrin 650 nm, 200 mW.cm−2 4 h after low‐ frequency US (LFUS) |
US @ 1 MHz to monitor NP accumulation at tumor | Porphyrin‐tumor affinity, US‐targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) | 88 |
| Ce6‐loaded CaCO3 core and PEG shell |
MCF‐7 Human breast cancer in vitro |
Ce6 671 nm, 6 J.cm−2 0 h DLI |
US @ 40 MHz to assess NP’s US contrast for 3 h | CaCO3 causing PS release at tumoral pH | 89 |
| Porphyrin‐grafted lipid (CPGL) microbubble loaded with HIF 1α siRNA (siHIF@CpMB) | MDA‐MB‐231 Human breast cancer injected in mice |
Porphyrin 650 nm, 200 mW.cm−2 6 h DLI |
US @ 3‐12 MHz to monitor MB uptake in tumor | Porphyrin‐tumor affinity, UTMD | 90 |
| Nanoagents for photoacoustic contrast and delivering PS | |||||
| Dox‐loaded, folate receptors α (FRα) targeted MTX‐decorated self‐assembled zinc phthalocyanine–soybean phospholipid complex NPs (DZSM) |
4T1 Human breast cancer cells Subcutaneous tumors |
ZnPc‐SPC (ZS) complex 638 nm, 1000 mW.cm−2 24 h DLI |
PA imaging @ 638 nm to monitor DZSM accumulation at tumor site | Folic acid (FA) receptor‐mediated tumor uptake | 140 |
| Hyaluronic acid (HA) coupled with chlorin e6 (Ce6) via adipic dihydrazide (ADH) forming HA‐ADH‐Ce6 conjugates and self‐assembly into HACE NPs. |
A549 Human lung cancer Subcutaneous tumors |
Ce6 660 nm, 160 mW.cm−2 24 h DLI |
PA imaging @ 680 nm to monitor HACE NP accumulation at tumor | HA specificity to CD44 on tumor | 127 |
| Ce6 bound to HA nanoparticle with perfluorohexane core (PFH@HSC) | MDA‐MB‐231 Human breast cancer Subcutaneous tumors |
Ce6 660 nm, 100 mW.cm−2 4 h DLI |
PA imaging @ 690‐900 nm to monitor hypoxia relief and PFH@HSC accumulation at tumor | EPR and HA specificity to CD44 on tumor | 128 |
| Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)–triphenylamine (TPA) NP | HTC‐116 Human colorectal cancer cells Subcutaneous tumors |
DPP‐TPA 660 nm, 1 W.cm−2 2 h DLI |
PA imaging @ 680 nm to monitor DPP‐TPA NP accumulation at tumor | EPR and PA‐guided activation | 129 |
| Perylene diimide zwitterionic polymer (PDS‐PDI) | MDA‐MB‐231 Human breast cancer injected in mice |
Perylene‐3,4,9,10‐tetracarboxylic diimide (PDS) 660 nm, 500 mW.cm−2 6 h DLI |
PA imaging @ 660 nm to monitor PDS‐PDI accumulation at tumor | EPR and PA‐guided activation | 103 |
| Tellurium nanosheets functionalized with glutathione (GSH) | HepG2 Human liver cancer injected into mice |
Te nanosheets 670 nm, 160 mW.cm−2 0 h DLI |
PA imaging @ 680‐980 nm to confirm tumor uptake of Te nanosheets + GSH | EPR and PA‐guided activation | 100 |
| Cell membrane‐derived shell and a methylene blue and cisplatin (Pt) loaded gelatin nanogel core (MPV) | 4T1 Murine breast cancer orthotopic tumors in mice |
Methylene blue 671 nm, 450 mW.cm−2 1 h and 4 h DLI |
PA imaging @ 680 nm to monitor intratumoral deposition of MPV | EPR and PA‐guided activation | 130 |
| Pc core and four ethanolamine and phthalocyanine‐difunctionalized poly(glycidyl methacrylate) arms NP (Pc‐PGEA/Pc‐3) containing p53 | C6 Rat glioma injected in mice |
Pc‐PGEA/Pc NPs 700 nm, 800 mW.cm−2 0 h DLI |
PA imaging @ 680‐980 nm to monitor Pc‐PGEA/Pc accumulation at tumor | EPR and PA‐guided activation | 131 |
| BODIPY within amphiphilic DSPE‐mPEG5000 | A549 Human lung cancer subcutaneously injected in mice |
BODIPY 730 nm, 200 mW.cm−2 0.5 h DLI |
PA imaging @ 760 nm to assess enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) and lysosomal accumulation of BODIPY NP | Direct injection, BODIPY accumulation in acidic lysosomes | 132 |
| Lecithin/DSPE‐PEG‐FA outer shell containing PCM core housing DOX and diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)‐BT dye, functionalized with FA (P(DPP‐BT/DOX) NP) | HeLa Human cervical cancer subcutaneously injected into mice |
DPP‐BT 730 nm, 1000 mW.cm−2 24 h DLI |
PA imaging @ 730 nm to monitor P(DPP‐BT/DOX) NP accumulation at tumor | FA receptor‐mediated tumor uptake | 133 |
| Silicon 2,3‐naphthalocyanine bi(trihexylsilyloxide) (SiNc) | HT‐29 Human colorectal cancer injected into mice |
SiNC 770nm, 40 mJ .08 – 1 h DLI |
PA imaging @ 680‐860 nm to monitor SiNC presence in tumor and assessment of SiNC PA signal strength | EPR | 134 |
| Porphyrin‐ or phthalocyanine‐bridged silsesquioxane nanoparticles (BSPOR and BSPHT) | MCF‐7 Human breast cancer cells in vitro |
BSPOR/BSPHT 800 nm, 4300 mW.cm−2 24 h DLI |
PA imaging @ 700 nm to monitor BSPOR and BSPHT accumulation at tumor | Porphyrin‐tumor affinity | 135 |
| Artificial red blood cell loaded with oxygen (IARC) | MCF‐7 Human breast cancer injected into mice |
ICG 808 nm, 100 mW.cm−2 0.5 h DLI |
Spectroscopic PA imaging to monitor ICG, HbO2 and Hb accumulation at tumor | EPR | 109 |
| ICG‐loaded PEGylated silver nanoparticle core/polyaniline shell (Ag@PANI) nanocomposites (ICG‐Ag@PANI) | HeLa Human cervical cancer subcutaneously injected into mice |
ICG 808 nm/1000 mW.cm−2 24 h DLI |
PA imaging @ 808 nm to monitor accumulation of ICG‐Ag@PANI at tumor | EPR | 136 |
|
ICG‐HA nanoparticle embedded with single‐walled carbon nanotubes ICGHANP/SWCNTs (IHANPT) |
SSC7 Human oral cancer subcutaneously injected in mice |
ICG 808 nm/800 mW.cm‐2 24 h DLI |
PA imaging @ 808 nm to monitor IHANP accumulation at tumor | EPR and IHANPT specificity to CD44 on tumor | 137 |
| MgO2 NP in ICG and hyaluronic acid (HA) NP | SSC7 Human oral cancer xenografted in mice |
ICG 808 nm, 800 mW.cm−2 6 h DLI |
PA imaging @ 808 nm to monitor NP accumulation at tumor | HA specificity to CD44 on tumor | 107 |
| Hyaluronic acid (HA)–cystamine–cholesterol (HSC) self‐assembling conjugate incorporating IR780 (HSCI NPs) | MDA‐MB‐231 Human breast cancer injected in mice |
IR780 808 nm, 800 mW.cm−2 0 h DLI |
PA imaging @ 680‐980 nm to monitor HSCI NP accumulation at tumor | EPR and HA specificity to CD44 on tumor | 138 |
| Iridium‐cyanine nanoparticle (IrCy) | 4T1 Murine breast cancer syngeneic xenografts in mice |
Iridium dye 808 nm, 50 mW.cm−2 24 h DLI followed by IrCy readministration at 48 h and PDT at 72 h |
PA imaging @ 815 nm for detecting cyanine dye to monitor biodistribution and accumulation of IrCy at tumor | EPR and PA‐guided activation | 139 |
|
Cu‐Sb‐S functionalized with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP‐Cu‐Sb‐S) NP |
4T1 Murine breast cancer syngeneic xenografts in mice |
PVP‐Cu‐Sb‐S NP 808 nm, 1000 mW.cm−2 0 h DLI |
PA imaging @ 808 nm for monitoring tumor uptake of PVP‐Cu‐Sb‐S NPs | EPR and PA‐guided activation | 102 |
| Zinc(II)‐phthalocyanine nanodots, PEG‐folate/ZnPc nanodots (FA‐ZnPcNDs) | CNE‐2 Human nasopharyngeal cancer injected into mice |
ZnPC 808 nm, 500 mW.cm−2 2 h DLI |
PA imaging @ 808 nm to monitor FA‐ZnPcND accumulation at tumor | FA receptor‐mediated tumor uptake | 101 |
| Polypyrrole with astaxanthin‐conjugated bovine serum albumin polymer (PPy@BSA‐Astx) |
MBA‐MD‐231 Human breast cancer in vitro |
Astaxanthin 808 nm, 300 mW.cm−2 6 h DLI |
PA @ 808 nm to monitor PPy@BSA‐Astx US signal production | Passive targeting | 141 |