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. 2020 Feb 9;40(2):121–137. doi: 10.1111/neup.12639

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© 2020 The Author. Neuropathology published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japanese Society of Neuropathology.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Ketone bodies (KBs) produced by astroglia serve as energy substrates for neurons. Fatty acids supplied from the blood are transported to astroglia in the brain, generating KBs; these KBs can fuel neurons as a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle substrate (red line). ① Na⁺,K⁺‐ATPase. ② Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1). ③ Glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3). ④ Monocarboxylate transporters 1 (MCT1) and MCT4 (astrocytic form). ⑤ MCT2 (neuronal form). ⑥ System N transporter (astrocytic form). ⑦ System A transporter (neuronal form). ⑧ Na⁺‐dependent glutamate transporter‐1 (GLT‐1) and glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST). ⑨ Fatty acid‐binding protein (FABP).