Table 1.
Description of the study population at baseline for individuals intensifying treatment from metformin monotherapy with sulphonylureas, sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors or dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors between 2014 and 2017
| SUs N = 5010 | SGLT2 inhibitors N = 1187 | DPP‐4 inhibitors N = 4434 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 61 (13) | 55 (10) | 61 (12) |
| Women, n (%) | 1988 (39.7) | 474 (39.9) | 1745 (39.4) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 32 (6) | 37 (7) | 33 (7) |
| Missing, n (%) | 470 (9.4) | 54 (4.5) | 285 (6.4) |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 89 (18) | 96 (13) | 88 (18) |
| Missing, n (%) | 1683 (33.6) | 493 (41.5) | 1568 (35.4) |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 133 (14) | 134 (14) | 133 (14) |
| Missing, n (%) | 837 (16.7) | 293 (24.7) | 880 (19.8) |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 80 (21) | 77 (17) | 73 (16) |
| Missing, n (%) | 2180 (43.5) | 629 (53) | 2085 (47) |
| Metformin treatment, months | 40 (37) | 36 (33) | 44 (37) |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 707 (14.1) | 119 (10) | 601 (13.6) |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 194 (3.9) | 24 (2) | 146 (3.3) |
| Retinopathy, n (%) | 868 (17.3) | 181 (15.2) | 861 (19.4) |
| ACE inhibitor/ARB treatment, n (%) | 2711 (54.1) | 670 (56.4) | 2490 (56.2) |
| Statin treatment, n (%) | 3530 (70.5) | 819 (69) | 3387 (76.4) |
| IMD, n (%) | |||
| 1 (least deprived) | 467 (9.3) | 93 (7.8) | 398 (9.0) |
| 2 | 485 (9.7) | 99 (8.3) | 378 (8.5) |
| 3 | 567 (11.3) | 117 (9.9) | 449 (10.1) |
| 4 | 643 (12.8) | 99 (8.3) | 427 (9.6) |
| 5 (most deprived) | 589 (11.8) | 81 (6.8) | 479 (10.8) |
| Missing | 2259 (45.1) | 698 (58.8) | 2303 (51.9) |
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||
| Non‐smoker | 1883 (37.6) | 462 (38.9) | 1642 (37.0) |
| Current | 818 (16.3) | 193 (16.3) | 688 (15.5) |
| Ex‐smoker | 2297 (45.8) | 532 (44.8) | 2102 (47.4) |
| Missing | 12 (0.2) | N < 5 | N < 5 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |||
| White | 2052 (41.5) | 500 (42.1) | 1944 (43.8) |
| South Asian | 229 (4.6) | 31 (2.6) | 146 (3.3) |
| Black | 122 (2.4) | 9 (0.8) | 61 (1.4) |
| Other | 59 (1.2) | 5 (0.4) | 26 (0.6) |
| Mixed heritage | 14 (0.3) | N < 5 | 16 (0.4) |
| Missing | 2534 (50.6) | 640 (53.9) | 2241 (50.5) |
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin 2 receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DPP‐4, dipeptidyl peptidase‐4; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; IMD, index of multiple deprivation; SGLT2, sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2; SU, sulphonylurea.
Note: Values for continuous values are mean (SD) and categorical values are n (%), as indicated. % values are of entire cohort. Frequencies below five not stated as per Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency database research policy.