TABLE 1.
Characteristics of 44 included studies of global CO-BSI among febrile hospitalized patients, according to United Nations geographic region and subregion classification, collecting data 1974 through 2015
| Region and subregion | Locality and country | Data collection period | Inclusion age (median)a | Fever criterion | Recruitment setting | No. of febrile patients | No. of hospitalized patients with BSI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africa | |||||||
| Eastern Africa | West Kenya, Kenya (66) | 1987–1990 | >8 yr (NR) | >38°C | 2 regional hospitals | 449 | 58 |
| Mumias, Kenya (43) | 1994 | >5 yr (NR) | ≥38°C | Private regional hospital | 229 | 51 | |
| Nairobi, Kenya (63) | 2001 | 3 mo to 12 yr (mean, 32 mo) | >37.5°C | University teaching hospital | 264 | 32 | |
| Multiple, Kenya (64) | 2013–2014 | 6 mo to 5 yr (3.1 yr) | ≥37.5°C | 1 teaching and referral hospital and 2 district hospitals | 148 | 5 | |
| Blantyre, Malawi (73) | 1996–1997 | Children (NR) | ≥38°C | Pediatric wards of 1,100-bed teaching hospital | 2,123 | NR (365 isolates) | |
| Blantyre, Malawi (44) | 1997–1998 | Adults (NR) | >37.5°C | Medical ward of large government teaching hospital | 2,789 | 449 | |
| Lilongwe, Malawi (35) | 1998 | ≥14 yr (29 yr) | ≥37.5°C | Medical service of 300-bed medical center | 238 | 67 | |
| Blantyre, Malawi (65) | 2000 | ≥14 yr (NR) | ≥37.4°C or shock or history of fever in past 4 days | Medical wards of large government hospital | 352 | 128 | |
| Maputo, Mozambique (67) | 2011–2012 | ≥18 yr (NR) | ≥38°C | Internal medicine ward of national referral hospital | 841 | 63 | |
| Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (32) | 1995 | ≥15 yr (38 yr) | ≥37.5°C | Adult medical unit of >1,000-bed hospital | 517 | 145 | |
| Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (36) | 2001–2002 | 0–7 yr (8.5 mo) | ≥38°C | >1,000-bed hospital | 1,787 | 127 | |
| Muheza, Tanzania (61) | 2006–2007 | 2 mo to 13 yr (1.6 yr) | Current fever or history of fever in past 48 h | District hospital | 3,639 | 341 | |
| Moshi, Tanzania (40) | 2007–2008 | ≥13 yr (38 yr) | ≥38°C | 2 regional hospitals | 403 | 68 | |
| Moshi, Tanzania (41) | 2007–2008 | ≥2 mo to <13 yr (2 yr) | History of fever in past 48 h or ≥37.5°C | Pediatric ward in large consultant hospital | 467 | 16 | |
| Muheza, Tanzania (62) | 2007 | ≥13 yr (36.5 yr) | Fever or history of fever | District hospital | 198 | 26 | |
| Pemba Island, Tanzania (71) | 2009–2010 | >2 mo (NR) | ≥37.5°C | 3 district hospitals | 2,209 | 79 | |
| Mwanza, Tanzania (38) | 2011–2012 | 2–60 mo (18 mo) | ≥37.5°C at time of admission | Pediatric ward of medical center | 317 | 21 | |
| Kampala, Uganda (69) | 1997 | 15–65 yr (30 yr) | >38°C | Medical wards of large public teaching hospital | 305 | 72 | |
| Jinja, Uganda (50) | 2012 | 6 to <60 mo (15.5 mo) | <37.5°C or history fever in past 24 h | ED of regional referral hospital | 250 | 45 | |
| Middle Africa | Bangui, Central African Republic (48) | 1999 | All ages (32 yr) | None given | Department of medicine of 44-bed reference community hospital | 131 | 46 |
| Northern Africa | Port Sudan, Sudan (46) | 1984 | ≥12 yr (mean, 29 yr) | ≥37.8°C | Regional hospital | 100 | 22 |
| Western Africa | Benin City, Nigeria (31) | 1988–1989 | 1 mo to 5 yr (NR) | ≥38°C | Pediatric ED at university hospital | 642 | 67 |
| Ibadan, Nigeria (34) | 1998 | 1–12 mo (4.6 mo for those with septicemia) | ≥38°C | Pediatric ED at university hospital | 102 | 39 | |
| Boulkiemde, Burkina Faso (45) | 2013–2014 | 2 mo to 15 yr (24.6 mo) | ≥37.5°C or history of fever in past 48 h | Pediatric ward of referral hospital and healthcare center | 1,339 | 118 | |
| Asia | |||||||
| East Asia | Tainan, Taiwan (51) | 2006–2007 | ≥18 yr (mean, 53.8 yr) | >38°C for <1 wk | ED of area medical center | 396 | 60 |
| Okinawa, Japan (72) | NR | ≥15 yr (mean, 57 yr) | ≥38°C | Large community hospital serving 400,000 | 526 | 40 | |
| Taipei, Taiwan (54) | NR | ≤15 yr (NR) | ≥39°C | Emergency services of hospital | 300 | 6 | |
| South-eastern Asia | Bangkok, Thailand (33) | 1997 | ≥15 yr (32 yr) | ≥38°C | Medical service of 500-bed hospital | 246 | 119 |
| Multiple, Thailand (52) | 1991–1993 | >2 yr (NR) | >38.3°C for 3–14 days | 10 community-based hospitals | 1,137 | 36 | |
| Jayapura, Northeastern Papua, Indonesia (68) | 1997–2000 | All ages (25 yr) | History of fever or ≥38°C at admission | Provincial hospital serving 286,000 | 226 | 34 | |
| Siem Reap, Cambodia (37) | 2009–2010 | <16 yr (2.0 yr) | ≥38°C within 48 h after admission | 50-bed children's hospital | 1,225 | 76 | |
| South Asia | Kathmandu, Nepal (49) | 2005–2006 | ≤12 yr (NR) | >38.3°C or afebrile with possible meningitis, pneumonia, or septicemia | Pediatric ward of large referral hospital | 2,039 | 142 |
| Multiple, India (60) | 2011–2012 | ≥5 yr (31 yr) | ≥38°C for 2–14 days | 8 secondary community (100–500-bed) hospitals | 1,564 | 124 | |
| Pune, India (56) | 2013–2015 | >6 mo (29 yr for adults; 2 yr in children) | ≥38°C for ≥24 h | Inpatient medicine and pediatric wards of large tertiary public teaching hospital | 1,524 | 59 | |
| Europe | |||||||
| Southern Europe | Bilbao and Barcelona, Spain (59) | 2003–2008 | <3 mo (NR) | ≥38°C | EDs of 2 tertiary teaching hospitals | 381 | 8 |
| Multiple, Spain (42) | 2011–2013 | <91 days (NR) | ≥38°C | 19 EDs | 3,401 | 100 | |
| Western Europe | Amsterdam, Netherlands (53) | 2008–2009 | Adults (66 yr) | >38.2°C | ED of general teaching hospital | 213 | NR (41 isolates) |
| Americas | |||||||
| Northern America | New Haven, Connecticut, USA (57) | 1974–1975 | <24 mo (NR) | ≥40°C | Pediatric ED of large area hospital | 330 | 24 |
| Texas, USA (39) | 1982–1984 | 6 mo to 2 yr (NR) | ≥39.4°C | EDs of 2 community hospitals | 201 | 21 | |
| Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Chicago, Illinois, USA (47) | 1982–1984 | 3–36 mo (mean, 16.7 mo) | ≥39°C | EDs of 2 children's hospitals | 955 | 42 | |
| Houston, Texas, USA (55) | 1983 | <24 mo (NR) | Acute febrile illness | ED of children's hospital | 570 | 44 | |
| New Haven, Connecticut, USA (58) | 1982–1983 | ≥16 yr (NR) | ≥37.9°C | Internal medicine department of ED at large hospital | 135 | 21 | |
| Chicago, Illinois, USA (74) | 1983–1984 | 3–24 mo (mean, 12.5 mo) | ≥40°C | EDs of 2 hospitals | 233 | 17 | |
| Multiple, USA (70) | 1987–1991 | 90 days to 36 mo (12.4 mo) | ≥39°C | EDs of 10 hospitals | 6,619 | 192 | |
| Totalb | 42,060 | 3,656b |