Table 1.

Incidence and risk factors for Caesarean scar pain. *Pain at 12 months after delivery. ^†The risk factors for combined pain of multiple body parts were reported, and the risk factors specific for Caesarean scar pain were not reported. ^‡Pain at 8 months after delivery. ^¶Pain at 14.5 months after delivery. ^§Pain at 26 months after delivery. ^||Pain at 10.1 months after delivery. ^#Studies in which evaluated risk factors for Caesarean scar pain failed to demonstrate statistical significance. CD, Caesarean delivery; SF-36, Short Form 36 Health Survey.

Study	Sample size		Time points after delivery
			8 weeks	3 months	6 months	8 months or greater
Wang and colleagues38	786	Incidence		6.9%	1.9%	0.3%*
		Risk factors		†
Jin and colleagues40	502	Incidence		8.2%	3.7%	1.7%*
		Risk factors		†	†	†
Moriyama and colleagues41	225	Incidence		30.7%
		Risk factors		Lighter weight and omission of intrathecal morphine
Niklasson and colleagues42	231	Incidence		22.4%	16.8%	5.5%*
		Risk factors		†	†
Richez and colleagues43	268	Incidence		28%	19%
		Risk factors		Pain during current pregnancy, history of miscarriage, and lower mental component summary score of SF-36	Postoperative complications and lower mental component summary score of SF-36
Ortner and colleagues44	335	Incidence	11.0%		3.0%	0.6%*
		Risk factors	Higher pain score at 24 h after operation
de Brito Cancado and colleagues45	402	Incidence		11.4%
		Risk factors		Higher pain level at 12 h after operation and postoperative Day 2, lower intrathecal bupivacaine dose, and omission of perioperative NSAIDs
Shahin and Osman46	325	Incidence				4.3%‡
		Risk factors				†
Sng and colleagues47	857	Incidence		Pain lasting more than 3 months: 9.2%		6.0%¶
		Risk factors		Higher pain scores immediately after operation, pain present elsewhere, and non-private insurance status
Loos and colleagues48	690	Incidence				32.3%§
		Risk factors				>2 previous Pfannenstiel incisions, presence of scar numbness, and emergency CD
Nikolajsen and colleagues1	220	Incidence		Pain lasting more than 3 months: 18.6%		12.3%||
		Risk factors		General anaesthesia, pain problem elsewhere, and higher recall of severe postoperative pain
Mackeen and colleagues49#	589	Incidence
		Risk factors	Skin closure with staples (vs suture)
Liu and colleagues50#	469	Incidence	14.6%			4.2%*
		Risk factors	Elective CD (vs emergency CD), repeat CD (vs primary CD), severe acute postoperative pain, general anaesthesia, and wound infection
Bollag and colleagues51#	81	Incidence
		Risk factors		Transversus abdominis plane block with placebo (vs bupivacaine vs bupivacaine+clonidine)	Transversus abdominis plane block with placebo (vs bupivacaine vs bupivacaine+clonidine)	Transversus abdominis plane block with placebo (vs bupivacaine vs bupivacaine+clonidine)