Table 2.
Adjusted Odds Ratios for Participation in the Assessment and Counseling Intervention among 11,843 Women Who Screened Positive for Substance Use in Pregnancy
| Characteristics | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at Screening, Years | |||
| <18 | 1.25 | 0.72–1.10 | .43 |
| 18–24 | 1.39 | 1.15–1.67 | .0007 |
| 25–34 | 1.13 | 1.00–1.28 | .05 |
| >34 | 1 | -- | -- |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| White | 1 | -- | -- |
| Asian | 0.93 | 0.78–1.10 | .37 |
| African-American | 1.07 | 0.86–1.32 | .55 |
| Hispanic | 1.04 | 0.91–1.19 | .56 |
| Other/unknown | 0.83 | 0.71–0.98 | .02 |
| Neighborhood Income, $ | |||
| <$48,534 | 1.28 | 1.11–1.49 | .001 |
| $48,534-$67,033 | 1.20 | 1.04–1.38 | .01 |
| $67,034-$89,583 | 1.15 | 1.01–1.32 | .04 |
| >$89,583 | 1 | -- | -- |
| Unknown | 1.21 | 0.40–3.69 | .73 |
| Marital Status | |||
| Married/Common law/Domestic partner | 1 | -- | -- |
| Not married | 1.16 | 1.02–1.33 | .03 |
| Unknown | 1.20 | 0.92–1.27 | .21 |
| Educational Level | |||
| ≤High school graduate | 1.08 | 0.92–1.27 | .34 |
| >High school graduate | 1 | -- | -- |
| Unknown | 1.12 | 0.84–1.49 | .44 |
| Parity | |||
| 0 | 1 | -- | -- |
| 1 | 0.80 | 0.71–0.91 | .0007 |
| ≥2 | 0.76 | 0.66–0.88 | .0003 |
| Unknown | 0.93 | 0.79–1.09 | .37 |
| Gestational Age at Screening | |||
| 1st Trimester | 1 | -- | -- |
| 2nd Trimester | 0.62 | 0.53–0.72 | <.0001 |
| 3rd Trimester | 0.25 | 0.20–0.31 | <.0001 |
| Anxiety Disorder | 0.98 | 0.83–1.17 | .85 |
| Depressive Disorder | 1.14 | 0.95–1.36 | .17 |
| Substance Use Disorder | 1.17 | 0.95–1.43 | .14 |
| Emergency Room Visit | 1.00 | 0.89–1.12 | .97 |
| Depression Symptoms | |||
| None | 1 | -- | -- |
| Mild | 1.01 | 0.89–1.14 | .89 |
| Moderate | 0.99 | 0.81–1.20 | .88 |
| Moderately severe/severe | 1.11 | 0.82–1.51 | .49 |
| Unknown | 0.61 | 0.52–0.71 | <.0001 |
| Substance Use | |||
| ≥2 substances | 1 | -- | -- |
| Alcohol only | 0.72 | 0.61–0.85 | .0001 |
| Nicotine only | 1.02 | 0.77–1.36 | .88 |
| Cannabis only | 0.91 | 0.70–1.17 | .45 |
| Other drug(s)a only | 0.51 | 0.43–0.61 | <.0001 |
| Substance Use Screening Method | |||
| Positive self-report, negative toxicology | 1 | -- | -- |
| Positive self-report, unknown toxicology | 0.71 | 0.61–0.83 | <.0001 |
| Negative self-report, positive toxicology | 1.31 | 1.02–1.70 | .04 |
| Positive self-report, positive toxicology | 2.01 | 1.60–2.54 | <.0001 |
Note.
a
Including anxiety medication, cocaine, heroin, methadone/buprenorphine, methamphetamine, opioids/pain medication, other street drugs, and sleep medication. Results from multivariable logistic regression models that include all variables listed above in one model.