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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Cancer. 2019 Nov 6;5(12):822–834. doi: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.10.007

Figure 1. Polarization of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment.

Figure 1.

Metabolic reprogramming of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment is mediated by multiple metabolites secreted by tumor cells as well as by fibroblasts and dying tumor cells. Lactate, glutamine, succinate, α-ketoglutarate (2KG), and adenosine are key metabolites regulating macrophage polarization. ADORA: Adenosine receptor; HIF-1α: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; JMJD3: Jumonji domain containing 3; TCA cycle: Tricarboxylic acid cycle; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate.