Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Population in the PHOENIx Feasibility Study
| Index Cases | Household Contacts, Overall | Household Contacts | Household Contacts | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≥15 years | <15 years | |||
| Characteristics | (n = 284) | (n = 1007) | (n = 704) | (n = 303) |
| Demographics | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 35.5 (26, 45) | 25 (12, 43) | 34 (24, 49) | 7 (3, 10) |
| <5 | ─ | 102 (10%) | ─ | 102 (34%) |
| 5 to <15 | ─ | 201 (20%) | ─ | 201 (66%) |
| 15 to <50 | 233 (82%) | 530 (53%) | 530 (75%) | ─ |
| ≥50 | 51 (18%) | 174 (17%) | 174 (25%) | ─ |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 164 (58%) | 414 (41%) | 259 (37%) | 155 (51%) |
| Female | 120 (42%) | 593 (59%) | 445 (63%) | 148 (49%) |
| Pregnant | ─ | 16 (3%) | 16 (4%) | 0 (0%) |
| Countries (# sites) | ||||
| Botswana (1) | 10 (4%) | 38 (4%) | 20 (3%) | 18 (6%) |
| Brazil (1) | 10 (4%) | 17 (2%) | 17 (2%) | 0 (0%)a |
| Haiti (1) | 14 (5%) | 52 (5%) | 37 (5%) | 15 (5%) |
| India (2) | 58 (20%) | 205 (20%) | 169 (24%) | 36 (12%) |
| Kenya (1) | 7 (3%) | 12 (1%) | 12 (2%) | 0 (0%)a |
| Peru (2) | 54 (19%) | 203 (20%) | 130 (18%) | 73 (24%) |
| South Africa (7) | 121 (43%) | 450 (45%) | 294 (42%) | 156 (51%) |
| Thailand (1) | 10 (4%) | 30 (3%) | 25 (4%) | 5 (2%) |
| Race | ||||
| Asian | 69 (24%) | 237 (24%) | 196 (28%) | 41 (14%) |
| Black | 115 (40%) | 383 (38%) | 261 (37%) | 122 (40%) |
| White | 8 (3%) | 9 (1%) | 9 (1%) | 0 (0%) |
| Mixed race/other | 88 (31%) | 378 (38%) | 238 (34%) | 140 (46%) |
| Employed/in school | ─ | 503 (50%) | 306 (43%) | 197 (65%) |
| Highest education attained | ||||
| None | ─ | 245 (24%) | 84 (12%) | 161 (53%) |
| Primary | ─ | 327 (32%) | 205 (29%) | 122 (40%) |
| Secondary | ─ | 351 (35%) | 332 (47%) | 19 (6%) |
| College/university or higher | ─ | 83 (8%) | 83 (12%) | ─ |
| History of incarceration | ─ | 21 (2%) | 20 (3%) | 1 (<1%) |
| Medical history | ||||
| HIV status | ||||
| Negative | 144 (51%) | 695 (69%) | 515 (73%) | 180 (59%) |
| Positive | 102 (36%) | 65 (6%) | 59 (8%) | 6 (2%) |
| Newly diagnosed | ─ | 26 (3%) | 22 (37%) | 4 (67%) |
| Unknownb | 38 (13%) | 247 (25%) | 130 (19%) | 117 (39%) |
| Self-reported diabetes | 20 (7%) | 26 (3%) | 26 (4%) | 0 (0%) |
| Current or former smoker | 125 (44%) | 207 (21%) | 205 (29%) | 2 (1%) |
| Daily alcohol consumption | ─ | 59 (6%) | 56 (8%) | 3 (1%) |
| History of substance use | ─ | 57 (6%) | 56 (8%) | 1 (<1%) |
| Prior history of TB treatment | 150 (53%) | 86 (9%) | 77 (11%) | 9 (3%) |
| TB-related characteristics | ||||
| On TB preventive therapy | ─ | 21 (2%) | 1 (<1%) | 20 (7%) |
| Prevalent TBc | 284 (100%) | 121 (12%) | 37 (5%) | 84 (28%) |
| Chest X-ray cavitation(s) | N = 184 | N = 969 | N = 670 | N = 299 |
| Present | 80 (43%) | 8 (1%) | 7 (1%) | 1 (<1%) |
| AFB smear | N = 257 | N = 276 | N = 183 | N = 93 |
| Negative | 168 (65%) | 261 (96%) | 170 (95%) | 91 (98%) |
| Positive | 89 (35%) | 15 (5%) | 13 (5%) | 2 (2%) |
| Drug-susceptibility resultd | N = 284 | N = 16 | N = 12 | N = 4 |
| XDR/pre-XDR | 9 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| MDR | 203 (71%) | 4 (26%) | 3 (25%) | 1 (25%) |
| Rif R, INH S | 13 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Rif R, INH unk, FQ unk, SLID unk | 59 (21%) | 1 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (25%) |
| DS | 0 (0%) | 11 (68%) | 9 (75%) | 2 (50%) |
| MDR-TB treatment duration, weeks median (IQR) | 8.8 (3, 17) | ─ | ─ | ─ |
Data on diabetes diagnoses missing for n = 10 (7 aged ≥15 and 3 aged <15); daily alcohol consumptions for n = 8 (aged ≥15); history of substance use for n = 3 (aged ≥15); highest education attained for n = 1 (aged <15); history of incarceration for n = 1 (aged ≥15); and chest X-ray cavitations for n = 38 (24 aged ≥15 and 4 aged <15).
Abbreviations: AFB, acid-fast bacilli; DS, drug-susceptible; DST, drug-susceptibility testing; FQ, fluoroquinolone; HHC, household contact; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; INH, isoniazid; IQR, interquartile range; MDR, multidrug-resistant; R, resistant; Rif, rifampin; S, susceptible; SLID, second line injectable drug; TB, tuberculosis; unk, unknown; XDR, extremely drug resistant.
aThese sites had not received Institutional Review Board approval to enroll children.
bIf the last HIV test was not performed within the last 365 days, the HIV status was classified as unknown.
cAll index cases had TB at entry. Of 1016 HHCs, n = 9 (including n = 8 aged ≥15 and n = 1 aged <15 years) with active TB diagnosed prior to study entry had limited data collected and were excluded from this table.
dAmong HHCs, some drug-susceptibility results were available for 16 out of 17 culture-confirmed TB cases. When including the 9 already diagnosed cases prior to study entry and the 17 newly confirmed cases, 11 (42%) were rifampin-resistant or MDR-TB, 14 (54%) were drug-susceptible TB, and 1 (4%) had no DST data available. Since not all samples had DST for fluoroquinolones and injectable drugs, participants classified as having with MDR-TB may have additional resistance.