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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pediatr Nephrol. 2020 Jan 29;35(6):1085–1096. doi: 10.1007/s00467-020-04470-1

Table 3.

Multivariate modeling by sequential addition of potential confounders

Race + chronic Race + chronic + age + urban Race + chronic + age + urban + insurance + gender
Health insurance
 Medicaid Reference Reference Reference
 No insurance 14.4 (12.7, 16.2)**** 12.9 (11.3, 14.6)**** 11.8 (10.2, 13.4)****
 Private insurance 3.4 (2.8, 4.0)**** 3.4 (2.9, 4.0)**** 2.8 (2.3, 3.4)****
 Other 6.7 (4.8, 8.5)**** 6.4 (4.5, 8.3)**** 5.7 (3.8, 7.6)****
Gender
 Female Reference Reference
 Male 7.3 (6.7, 7.9)**** 6.8 (6.2, 7.4)****
Race/ethnicity
 Caucasian Reference
 African-American 2.5 (1.7, 3.3)****
 Hispanic 1.7 (0.9, 2.5)****
 Asian/Pacific Islander 4.5 (2.9, 6.0)****
 Native American 0.7 (− 2.1, 3.5)
 Other 1.4 (0.3, 2.5)*

Risk differences per 1000 hospitalizations presented with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses

Race=race/ethnicity; Chronic=chronic illnesses; Age=age in years; Urban=household urbanization

Italics indicates ideal set of confounders to evaluate according to DAG depicted in Fig. 1. Additional confounders are shown for comparison but may potentially introduce additional bias

*

p-value < 0.05; **< 0.01; ***< 0.001; ****< 0.0001