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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 7.
Published in final edited form as: J Biomech. 2020 Feb 25;104:109714. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109714

Table 3 –

Statistical results for differences between Age groups (YH vs. OH) and Conditions (NOP, VIS and PLAT) for the data shown in Fig. 3, including: means, variability (σ), and DFA exponents (α) for step width (w) and lateral position (zB). ANOVA results (F-statistics and p-values) are provided for main effects of Age, Condition, and Age×Condition interaction effects, along with the relevant Tukey’s post-hoc comparisons. Significant differences are indicated in bold.

Data In Variable Age Condition Age×Condition Tukey’s (Age Effects) Tukey’s (Condition Effects)
Fig. 3A Mean (w) F(1,32) = 0.52
p=0.478
F(2,166) = 39.60
p < 0.001
F(2,166) = 1.47
p = 0.233
N/A VIS-NOP: p < 0.001
PLAT-NOP: p < 0.001
Mean (zB) F(1,32) = 2.91
p = 0.098
F(2,166) = 0.72
p = 0.488
F(2,166) = 0.70
p = 0.496
N/A N/A

Fig. 3B ln [σ (w)] F(1,32) = 4.55
p* = 0.041
F(2,166) = 701.21
p* < 0.001
F(2,166) = 5.64
p = 0.004
YH:
VIS-NOP: p < 0.001
NOP: p = 0.259 PLAT-NOP: p < 0.001
VIS: p = 0.049
PLAT: p = 0.917 OH:
VIS-NOP: p < 0.001
PLAT-NOP: p < 0.001
ln [σ (zB)] F(1,32) = 3.42
p* = 0.074
F(2,166) = 266.35
p* < 0.001
F(2,166) = 4.24
p = 0.016
YH:
VIS-NOP: p < 0.001
NOP: p = 0.129 PLAT-NOP: p < 0.001
VIS: p = 0.319
PLAT: p = 0.997 OH:
VIS-NOP: p < 0.001
PLAT-NOP: p < 0.001

Fig. 3C α (w) F(1,32) = 0.060
p = 0.801
F(2,166) = 104.50
p < 0.001
F(2,166) = 1.63
p = 0.199
N/A VIS-NOP: p < 0.001
PLAT-NOP: p < 0.001
α (zB) F(1,32) = l.07
p = 0.309
F(2,166) = 75.10
p < 0.001
F(2,166) = 0.96
p = 0.386
N/A VIS-NOP: p < 0.001
PLAT-NOP: p < 0.001
*

In cases where Age×Condition interactions are significant, the main effects results should be considered unreliable and misleading. Tukey’s pairwise comparisons results should be used to draw conclusions about age group differences for each condition, as these account for the effects of the interaction.