Table 4.
– Example of myokines regulated by exercise in humans.
| Myokine | Biological function stimulated | Biological sample |
|---|---|---|
| IL-6 | Anti-inflammation | Plasma [94], skeletal muscle [95] |
| IL-7 | T-and B-cell development | Plasma [96], skeletal muscle [97] |
| IL-8 | Endothelial cell proliferation angiogenic factor | Plasma [96], skeletal muscle [98] |
| IL-10 | Anti-inflammation | Plasma [38], skeletal muscle [99], adipose tissue [100] |
| IL-15 | Maturation and redistribution of killer cells | Plasma [101], skeletal muscle [102] |
| BDNF | Neuronal development; synaptic plasticity; cell survival; differentiation | Serum [103] |
| Irisin | Thermogenesis and training adaptation to exercise; neuronal mitochondrial activity; neuroprotection; bone resorption | Plasma [24], CSF [24] |
| LIF | Platelet formation, haematopoietic cell proliferation, bone formation, neural survival and formation; muscle satellite cell proliferation | Skeletal muscle [104] |
| IGF-1 | Osteogenic factor | Plasma [105], skeletal muscle [106] |
| VEGF | Angiogenic factor | Plasma [107], CSF [108], skeletal muscle [109] |
BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid, IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor; IL: interleukin; LIF: leukemia inhibitor factor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.