Table 1.
Baseline participant characteristics according to sex and race
| Characteristic [Mean (SD) or N (%)] | Men | Women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White (n = 907) | Black (n = 511) | All (n = 1418) | White (n = 823) | Black (n = 676) | All (n = 1499) | |
| Age (years) | 74.4 (2.9) | 74.0 (2.7) | 74.2 (2.8)*† | 74.1 (2.8) | 73.8 (2.9) | 74.0 (2.9)*† |
| Height (m) | 1.74 (0.06) | 1.73 (0.07) | 1.73 (0.07)* | 1.59 (0.06) | 1.60 (0.06) | 1.60 (0.06)* |
| Weight (kg) | 81.4 (12.4) | 81.3 (14.3) | 81.4 (13.1)* | 66.1 (12.1) | 75.7 (15.8) | 70.4 (14.6)*† |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.0 (3.7) | 27.1 (4.3) | 27.0 (3.9)* | 26.0 (4.5) | 29.7 (5.9) | 27.6 (5.5)*† |
| Current smoker | 45 (5.0%) | 106 (20.7%) | 151 (10.7%)† | 59 (7.2%) | 83 (12.3%) | 142 (9.5%)† |
| Current drinker | 582 (64.5%) | 233 (46.0%) | 815 (57.8%)*† | 432 (52.6%) | 204 (30.2%) | 636 (42.5%)*† |
| Low physical activity | 468 (51.6%) | 373 (73.0%) | 841 (59.3%)*† | 608 (73.9%) | 560 (82.8%) | 1168 (77.9%)*† |
| Poor diet qualityα | 46 (5.3%) | 63 (14.0%) | 109 (8.2%)† | 39 (5.0%) | 49 (8.3%) | 88 (6.4%)† |
| Number of comorbidities+ | 1 (0, 1) | 1 (0, 2) | 1 (0, 1)† | 0 (0, 1) | 1 (0, 1) | 1 (0, 1)† |
| Post-secondary education | 546 (60.3%) | 134 (26.3%) | 680 (48.0%)*† | 395 (48.1%) | 181 (26.9%) | 576 (38.6%)*† |
| Grip strength (kg) | 39.7 (7.7) | 42.8 (8.7) | 40.8 (8.2)*† | 23.6 (5.1) | 26.6 (6.2) | 25.0 (5.8)*† |
| Gait speed (m/s) | 1.23 (0.19) | 1.10 (0.20) | 1.19 (0.21)*† | 1.16 (0.19) | 1.01 (0.20) | 1.09 (0.21)*† |
| ALM (kg) | 23.3 (3.2) | 25.0 (3.9) | 23.9 (3.6)*† | 15.3 (2.4) | 18.2 (3.2) | 16.6 (3.1)*† |
| Fat mass (kg) | 24.7 (6.9) | 23.2 (7.4) | 24.2 (7.1)*† | 27.0 (7.9) | 31.6 (10.2) | 29.1 (9.3)*† |
| Hip BMD (g/cm2) | 0.94 (0.14) | 1.02 (0.15) | 0.97 (0.15)*† | 0.77 (0.13) | 0.86 (0.15) | 0.81 (0.15)*† |
SD standard deviation, ALM appendicular lean mass, BMD bone mineral density
*Statistically significant sex differences (p < 0.05)
†Statistically significant racial differences within sex (p < 0.05)
αAscertained at Year 2
+Median (lower quartile, upper quartile) number of the following conditions (ever told by doctor): stroke, diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart attack or myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure and hypertension