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. 2020 Apr 28;10:7173. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64041-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A–H) Light micrographs showing portions of the capsules after 60 days of implantation in the subcutaneous tissue. (A–D) - general view of the capsules (C), which show well-defined layers of connective tissue. Thin capsules are observed in the GFB (A), MTAF (B) and CG (D) groups in comparison with Endofill (C). CT, adjacent connective tissue. Bars: 500 µm. (E–H) high magnification showing the innermost portion of the capsules. The capsules of the GFB (E) and MTAF (F) groups exhibit mainly fibroblasts (Fb) situated between bundles of collagen fibres (CF). Few inflammatory cells (arrows) are seen in the GFB (A) and MTAF (B) while in the EF (G), the capsule contains numerous inflammatory cells (arrows). In the CG (H), the capsule exhibits fibroblasts and fibrocytes (Fb) dispersed between thick bundles of collagen fibres (CF). T, space of the tube implanted; BV, blood vessel; GC, multinucleated giant cell; arrowheads, material particles. Bars: 20 µm. HE. (I,J) Graphics showing the thickness of capsules (I) and the number of inflammatory cells per mm² (J) in the capsules of GFB, MTAF, EF and CG groups at 7, 15, 30 and 60 days. The comparison among groups in the same period is indicated by superscript letters; same letters = no statistically significant difference. The analysis of each group over time is indicated by superscript number; same numbers = no statistically significant difference. (K) Graphic showing the inflammatory reaction score from GFB, MTAF, EF and CG groups at 7, 15, 30 and 60 days. The comparison among the groups in the same period is indicated by superscript asterisk (*); the superscript asterisk indicates significant difference found in the group in comparison with others. N = 5 specimens per group at each time point. Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05).