Table 6.

TCM for treating AD by reducing mitochondrial dysfunction.

Numbers	Compounds	Chemistry structure	Dosages	Activities	Molecular mechanism	Models	References
1	Icariin		65 mg/kg, 20 μmol/kg/day	Improve spatial learning and memory retention	Ameliorate Aβ elevation in mitochondria and regulate the activity and expression of key mitochondrial enzymes	3 × Tg-AD mice	Lustbader et al., 2004; Reddy and Beal, 2008; Chen et al., 2016
2	Salvianolic acid B		50 μM	Inhibit axonal mitochondrial fragmentation	Attenuate axonal mitochondrial fragmentation and increase kinesin-like protein 1 phosphorylation and restore the synaptic density	Primary cultured mouse neurons cell	He et al., 2018
3	Ligustilide		10 or 40 mg/kg	Reduce the level of Drp1 and increase levels of Mfn1, Mfn2, and Opa1	Exerts an antioxidation effect via reducing the levels of MDA and ROS and increasing the activity of Mn-SOD	The APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mouse	Xu et al., 2018
4	Tetrahydroxy stilbene glycoside		100 μg/mL, 5, 10, 30, 60, 90 μmol/L	Alleviate cell oxidative stress injury and mitochondrial membrane potential	Restore Aβ-induced hippocampal neuronal cell damage by restoring mitochondrial function via Nrf2-HO-1 pathway	HT-22 cell	Jiao et al., 2017
5	Hopeahainol A		4 mg/kg/day	Attenuate memory deficits	Reduce mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress	APP/PS1 transgenic mice	Zhu et al., 2013