Table 1. Clinical and echocardiographic parameters.
| Variable | No NAFLD (n=251) | NAFLD (n=355) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 63.9±7.3 | 62.5±6.7 | 0.013 |
| Sex | 0.108 | ||
| Male | 68 (27.1) | 75 (21.1) | |
| Female | 183 (72.9) | 280 (78.9) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.8±3.4 | 26.8±3.3 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 83.7±8.0 | 88.8±8.2 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 146.4±18.6 | 146.9±16.7 | 0.724 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 87.4±11.4 | 90.0±11.1 | 0.006 |
| Smoking | 0.286 | ||
| Never | 203 (80.9) | 304 (85.6) | |
| Past | 35 (13.9) | 36 (10.1) | |
| Current | 13 (5.2) | 15 (4.2) | |
| Exercise | 91 (36.3) | 107 (30.1) | 0.135 |
| Duration of diabetes mellitus, yr | 9.5±7.7 | 7.7±6.4 | 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 150 (59.8) | 207 (58.3) | 0.784 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 195 (77.7) | 326 (91.8) | <0.001 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 8.58±3.20 | 8.52±2.79 | 0.806 |
| HbA1c, % (mmol/mol) | 8.1±1.7 (65±19) | 8.3±1.7 (67±19) | 0.127 |
| Insulin, pmol/L | 55.2±35.9 | 67.5±41.2 | <0.001 |
| C-peptide, nmol/L | 0.589±0.290 | 0.749±0.313 | <0.001 |
| KITT, %/min | 2.1±0.9 | 1.8±0.7 | <0.001 |
| Insulin resistance | 175 (69.7) | 296 (83.4) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.13±1.11 | 5.42±1.10 | 0.002 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.47±0.79 | 2.05±1.30 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.34±0.35 | 1.29±0.31 | 0.068 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.12±0.97 | 3.23±0.97 | 0.153 |
| AST, U/L | 25.8±11.5 | 30.7±15.4 | <0.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 24.2±13.9 | 32.9±19.6 | <0.001 |
| LVEF, % | 70.7±6.1 | 70.1±6.5 | 0.221 |
| IVSTd, cm | 1.06±0.24 | 1.10±0.27 | 0.023 |
| PWTd, cm | 1.02±0.18 | 1.07±0.19 | 0.004 |
| LV mass index, g/m2 | 69.5±22.2 | 74.1±22.3 | 0.014 |
| LA diameter, cm | 3.99±0.49 | 4.10±0.50 | 0.007 |
| Peak E | 0.70±0.17 | 0.66±0.15 | 0.005 |
| Peak A | 0.83±0.18 | 0.85±0.17 | 0.186 |
| E/A ratio | 0.88±0.38 | 0.80±0.22 | 0.001 |
| Deceleration time, ms | 248.8±48.2 | 256.9±44.4 | 0.034 |
| Diastolic dysfunction | 123 (49.0) | 212 (59.7) | 0.011 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).
NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; KITT, the rate constant for disappearance of plasma glucose during SITT; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; IVSTd, diastolic interventricular septal thickness; PWTd, diastolic posterior wall thickness; LV, left ventricle; LA, left atrium.