Fig. 3.

Schematic overview of how microbubbles (MB) and ultrasound (US) have been found to contribute to cancer immunotherapy. From left to right: Microbubbles can be used as antigen carriers to stimulate antigen uptake by dendritic cells. Microbubbles and ultrasound can alter the permeability of tumors, thereby increasing the intra-tumoral penetration of adoptively transferred immune cells or checkpoint inhibitors. Finally, exposing tissues to cavitating microbubbles can induce sterile inflammation by the local release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS).