Table. Estimates of Medication Use and Health Outcomes Among Individuals With Dementia.
| Outcome | MEPS | NAMCS and NHAMCS | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before warning | After warning | Before warning | After warning | |||||
| Slope, % (95% CI) | Level change in 2005, % (95% CI) | Slope, % (95% CI) | Change in slopes, % (95% CI) | Slope, % (95% CI) | Level change in 2005, % (95% CI) | Slope, % (95% CI) | Change in slope, % (95% CI) | |
| Antipsychotic use | ||||||||
| Any | 0.87 (0.27 to 1.48) | 0.97 (−2.92 to 4.86) | −0.16 (−0.66 to 0.34) | −1.04 (−1.90 to −0.17) | −0.03 (−0.86 to 0.79) | 2.05 (−1.40 to 5.49) | −0.82 (−1.22 to −0.41) | −0.78 (−1.71 to 0.15) |
| Atypical | 0.99 (0.31 to 1.67) | −0.15 (−4.32 to 4.02) | −0.18 (−0.68 to 0.32) | −1.17 (−2.09 to −0.26) | 1.57 (1.12 to 2.01) | −0.54 (−3.18 to 2.10) | −0.83 (−1.27 to −0.39) | −2.40 (−3.01 to −1.78) |
| Typical | −0.12 (−0.21 to −0.03) | 1.46 (0.71 to 2.20) | 0.00 (−0.14 to 0.14) | 0.12 (−0.03 to 0.28) | −1.58 (−2.03 to −1.13) | 2.66 (0.68 to 4.65) | 0.00 (−0.08 to 0.07) | 1.58 (1.13 to 2.02) |
| Psychiatric medication or opioid use | ||||||||
| Any | 3.92 (1.91 to 5.93) | 0.48 (−8.45 to 9.40) | 0.67 (0.34 to 1.01) | −3.24 (−5.27 to −1.21) | 1.88 (1.28 to 2.47) | 3.46 (−2.53 to 9.44) | 0.14 (−1.01 to 1.30) | −1.73 (−3.03 to −0.44) |
| Hypnotic | −0.22 (−1.16 to 0.73) | −2.51 (−6.68 to 1.67) | −0.47 (−0.53 to −0.40) | −0.25 (−1.20 to 0.70) | 0.02 (−0.37 to 0.41) | 0.73 (−2.03 to 3.48) | 0.16 (−0.49 to 0.82) | 0.14 (−0.63 to 0.92) |
| Antidepressant | 1.87 (0.84 to 2.89) | −6.37 (−12.89 to 0.17) | 0.99 (0.52 to 1.46) | −0.88 (−1.91 to 0.15) | 0.57 (−0.33 to 1.47) | −0.02 (−5.10 to 5.05) | 0.49 (0.17 to 0.81) | −0.08 (−1.06 to 0.91) |
| Antiepileptic | −0.42 (−1.08 to 0.24) | 2.23 (−0.98 to 5.44) | 1.21 (0.66 to 1.76) | 1.63 (0.76 to 2.49) | −0.03 (−0.17 to 0.11) | 2.42 (−0.90 to 5.74) | 0.60 (−0.16 to 1.37) | 0.63 (−0.17 to 1.43) |
| Antidementia | 14.03 (13.28 to 14.79) | −9.76 (−12.80 to −6.72) | 0.63 (0.17 to 1.08) | −13.41 (−14.30 to −12.51) | 3.28 (2.64 to 3.93) | 2.44 (−2.20 to 7.08) | 0.09 (−0.52 to 0.70) | −3.19 (−4.12 to −2.26) |
| Opioid | 0.04 (−0.98 to 1.06) | −1.14 (−4.73 to 2.45) | 1.29 (1.01 to 1.58) | 1.25 (0.19 to 2.31) | 0.28 (−0.03 to 0.58) | −0.29 (−2.74 to 2.16) | 0.63 (0.13 to 1.12) | 0.35 (−0.24 to 0.94) |
| Cardiovascular events | −0.13 (−0.69 to 0.42) | 1.42 (−3.48 to 6.32) | 1.30 (0.30 to 2.30) | 1.44 (0.26 to 2.61) | −0.04 (−0.31 to 0.22) | −0.32 (−3.51 to 2.87) | 0.87 (0.37 to 1.37) | 0.91 (0.39 to 1.44) |
| Cerebrovascular events | 0.75 (0.46 to 1.04) | −0.74 (−2.34 to 0.86) | −0.50 (−0.71 to −0.28) | −1.25 (−1.63 to −0.86) | −0.23 (−0.52 to 0.07) | 1.06 (−0.28 to 2.39) | 0.16 (−0.10 to 0.42) | 0.39 (0.00 to 0.77) |
| Falls and/or fractures | −1.72 (−1.93 to −1.51) | 1.88 (0.87 to 2.88) | −0.40 (−0.56 to −0.24) | 1.32 (1.06 to 1.59) | −0.23 (−0.43 to −0.03) | −0.21 (−1.12 to 0.70) | 0.29 (0.16 to 0.42) | 0.52 (0.27 to 0.76) |
| Mortality | ||||||||
| 2-y | −0.68 (−1.33 to −0.03) | 2.04 (−0.75 to 4.83) | 0.18 (−0.07 to 0.42) | 0.85 (0.13 to 1.57) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2-y excluding 1997 | −0.26 (−0.45 to −0.06) | 0.78 (−0.73 to 2.29) | 0.18 (−0.07 to 0.42) | 0.43 (0.09 to 0.77) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| SF-12 | ||||||||
| MCS | 0.41 (0.21 to 0.60) | −1.63 (−2.46 to −0.80) | 0.24 (0.12 to 0.36) | −0.16 (−0.38 to 0.06) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| PCS | 0.55 (0.50 to 0.60) | 0.16 (−0.53 to 0.84) | −0.29 (−0.49 to −0.09) | −0.84 (−1.04 to −0.64) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Abbreviations: MCS, mental component summary; MEPS, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey; NA, not applicable; NAMCS, National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey; NHAMCS, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey; PCS, physical component summary; SF-12, Medical Outcomes Study 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey.