Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of metformin users and nonusers with diabetes mellitus.
| Prepropensity | Postpropensity | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 29,638) | Metformin user (N = 24,611) | Metformin nonuser (N = 5,027) | p value | Total (N = 10,044) | Metformin user (N = 5,022) | Metformin nonuser (N = 5,022) | p value | |||||||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||||
| <45 | 5,989 | 20.21 | 5,263 | 21.38 | 726 | 14.44 | <0.0001 | 1,449 | 14.43 | 723 | 14.40 | 726 | 14.46 | 0.9977 |
| 45–54 | 9,164 | 30.92 | 7,937 | 32.25 | 1,227 | 24.41 | 2,461 | 24.50 | 1,234 | 24.57 | 1,227 | 24.43 | ||
| 55–64 | 7,509 | 25.34 | 6,313 | 25.65 | 1,196 | 23.79 | 2,386 | 23.76 | 1,190 | 23.70 | 1,196 | 23.82 | ||
| ≥65 | 6,976 | 23.54 | 5,098 | 20.71 | 1,878 | 37.36 | 3,748 | 37.32 | 1,875 | 37.34 | 1,873 | 37.30 | ||
| Gender | ||||||||||||||
| Female | 13,363 | 45.09 | 11,113 | 45.15 | 2,250 | 44.76 | 0.6068 | 4,501 | 44.81 | 2,251 | 44.82 | 2,250 | 44.80 | 0.9840 |
| Male | 16,275 | 54.91 | 13,498 | 54.85 | 2,777 | 55.24 | 5,543 | 55.19 | 2,771 | 55.18 | 2,772 | 55.20 | ||
| Comorbidity | ||||||||||||||
| Hypertension | 11,809 | 39.84 | 9,460 | 38.44 | 2,349 | 46.73 | <0.0001 | 4,699 | 46.78 | 2,355 | 46.89 | 2,344 | 46.67 | 0.8259 |
| Cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) | 14,398 | 48.58 | 11,530 | 46.85 | 2,868 | 57.05 | <0.0001 | 5,744 | 57.19 | 2,881 | 57.37 | 2,863 | 57.01 | 0.7166 |
| Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) | 17 | 0.06 | 11 | 0.04 | 6 | 0.12 | 0.0439 | 9 | 0.09 | 4 | 0.08 | 5 | 0.10 | 0.7388 |
| Diabetic nephropathy (DN) | 76 | 0.26 | 57 | 0.23 | 19 | 0.38 | 0.0615 | 27 | 0.27 | 10 | 0.20 | 17 | 0.34 | 0.1773 |
| Dyslipidemia | 3,439 | 11.60 | 2,805 | 11.40 | 634 | 12.61 | 0.0143 | 1,265 | 12.59 | 631 | 12.56 | 634 | 12.62 | 0.9281 |
| Medication | ||||||||||||||
| Antihypertensive drugs | 19,197 | 64.77 | 15,557 | 63.21 | 3,640 | 72.41 | <0.0001 | 7,287 | 72.55 | 3,652 | 72.72 | 3,635 | 72.38 | 0.7039 |
| Antihyperlipidemic drugs | 10,113 | 34.12 | 8,293 | 33.70 | 1,820 | 36.20 | 0.0006 | 3,649 | 36.33 | 1,829 | 36.42 | 1,820 | 36.24 | 0.8519 |
| aDCSI scores | ||||||||||||||
| 0 | 20,316 | 68.55 | 17,365 | 70.56 | 2,951 | 58.70 | <0.0001 | 5,908 | 58.82 | 2,957 | 58.88 | 2,951 | 58.76 | 0.9916 |
| 1 | 4,528 | 15.28 | 3,694 | 15.01 | 834 | 16.59 | 1,665 | 16.58 | 832 | 16.57 | 833 | 16.59 | ||
| ≥2 | 4,794 | 16.18 | 3,552 | 14.43 | 1,242 | 24.71 | 2,471 | 24.60 | 1,233 | 24.55 | 1,238 | 24.65 | ||
| DM duration∗ (years) | ||||||||||||||
| 0 | 21,639 | 73.01 | 18,148 | 73.74 | 3,491 | 69.44 | <0.0001 | 6,979 | 69.48 | 3,488 | 69.45 | 3,491 | 69.51 | 0.9908 |
| <4 | 5,890 | 19.87 | 4,830 | 19.63 | 1,060 | 21.09 | 2,113 | 21.04 | 1,056 | 21.03 | 1,057 | 21.05 | ||
| ≥4 years | 2,109 | 7.12 | 1,633 | 6.64 | 476 | 9.47 | 952 | 9.48 | 478 | 9.52 | 474 | 9.44 | ||
∗Between DM diagnosis and antidiabetic drug prescription. aDCSI scores: adapted Diabetes Complications Severity Index scores; DM: diabetes mellitus.