Table 4.
Multivariate analysis for NPDR development in DM patients (N = 10,044).
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR∗ (95% CI) | Adjusted HR§ (95% CI) | Adjusted HR¶ (95% CI) | Adjusted HR$ (95% CI) | |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Male | 0.84 (0.75–0.94) | 0.81 (0.72–0.91) | 0.80 (0.71–0.90) | 0.80 (0.71–0.90) | 0.80 (0.71–0.91) |
| Age (years) | |||||
| <45 | 1.26 (1.04–1.52) | 1.24 (1.01–1.52) | 1.30 (1.06–1.6) | 1.32 (1.07–1.62) | 1.25 (1.02–1.54) |
| 45–54 | 1.59 (1.36–1.86) | 1.62 (1.38–1.91) | 1.68 (1.43–1.98) | 1.70 (1.44–2.00) | 1.63 (1.38–1.92) |
| 55–64 | 1.50 (1.28–1.76) | 1.54 (1.31–1.81) | 1.56 (1.33–1.83) | 1.57 (1.34–1.85) | 1.53 (1.30–1.80) |
| ≥65 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | 0.88 (0.78–0.99) | 1.20 (0.96–1.51) | 1.18 (0.94–1.47) | 1.18 (0.95–1.48) | 1.19 (0.95–1.49) |
| Cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) | 0.81 (0.72–0.92) | 0.74 (0.58–0.94) | 0.76 (0.60–0.96) | 0.75 (0.59–0.95) | 0.74 (0.59–0.94) |
| Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) | 1.80 (1.08–2.99) | 1.78 (1.07–2.97) | 2.14 (1.28–3.58) | 2.10 (1.26–3.50) | 1.90 (1.14–3.16) |
| Diabetic nephropathy (DN) | 1.19 (0.82–1.73) | 1.14 (0.78–1.67) | 1.20 (0.82–1.76) | 1.19 (0.81–1.74) | 1.14 (0.78–1.66) |
| Dyslipidemia | 0.89 (0.73–1.08) | 0.96 (0.78–1.17) | 0.90 (0.74–1.10) | 0.90 (0.73–1.10) | 0.94 (0.77–1.16) |
| Medication | |||||
| Antihypertensive drugs | 0.68 (0.58–0.79) | 0.75 (0.63–0.90) | 0.80 (0.67–0.95) | 0.80 (0.67–0.95) | 0.78 (0.65–0.93) |
| Antihyperlipidemic drugs | 0.76 (0.68–0.86) | 0.76 (0.67–0.86) | 0.86 (0.76–0.98) | 0.86 (0.76–0.97) | 0.82 (0.72–0.93) |
| aDCSI score | |||||
| 0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1 | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) | 1.21 (1.02–1.43) | 1.22 (1.03–1.45) | 1.21 (1.02–1.44) | 1.23 (1.04–1.45) |
| ≥2 | 1.04 (0.90–1.19) | 1.36 (1.16–1.60) | 1.37 (1.17–1.61) | 1.35 (1.15–1.59) | 1.37 (1.17–1.62) |
| Metformin use | |||||
| Yes | 0.65 (0.58–0.73) | 0.76 (0.68–0.87) | |||
| No | Reference | Reference | |||
| Sulfonylurea | |||||
| Yes | 1.28 (1.04–1.58) | 1.30 (1.05–1.61) | |||
| No | Reference | Reference | |||
| Mitiglinide | |||||
| Yes | 0.79 (0.67–0.92) | 0.91 (0.78–1.06) | |||
| No | Reference | Reference | |||
| Acarbose | |||||
| Yes | 0.74 (0.65–0.85) | 0.87 (0.75–1.01) | |||
| No | Reference | Reference | |||
| TZD | |||||
| Yes | 0.84 (0.73–0.97) | 1.10 (0.94–1.28) | |||
| No | Reference | Reference | |||
| DPP-4i | |||||
| Yes | 0.38 (0.31–0.48) | 0.41 (0.33–0.52) | |||
| No | Reference | Reference | |||
| Metformin and DPP-4i use | |||||
| Neither metformin nor DPP-4i | Reference | ||||
| Metformin alone | 0.76 (0.67–0.86) | ||||
| DPP-4i alone | 0.36 (0.22–0.60) | ||||
| Both metformin and DPP-4i | 0.32 (0.25–0.41) | ||||
| Metformin and sulfonylurea use | |||||
| Neither metformin nor sulfonylurea | Reference | ||||
| Metformin alone | 0.98 (0.65–1.46) | ||||
| Sulfonylurea alone | 1.56 (1.15–2.11) | ||||
| Both metformin and sulfonylurea | 1.02 (0.75–1.39) |
∗Adjusted for gender, age at DM diagnosis, comorbidities, medication use, and aDCSI scores. §Adjusted for gender, age at DM diagnosis, comorbidities, medication use, aDCSI scores, and antidiabetic drug use. ¶Adjusted for gender, age at DM diagnosis, comorbidities, medication use, aDCSI scores, and metformin or DPP-4i use. $Adjusted for gender, age at DM diagnosis, comorbidities, medication use, aDCSI scores, and metformin or sulfonylurea use. NPDR: nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy; aDCSI scores: adapted Diabetes Complications Severity Index scores; DM: diabetes mellitus; HR: hazard ratio.