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. 2020 Apr 28;10:7139. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64004-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Involvement of ER stress in the onset of apoptosis α-LA-mediated in FaO hepatoma cells. (A–C) Expression profiles of ER stress representative genes Bip/Grp78, Trib3 and Gadd34 were validated with Real Time PCR analysis using RNA isolated from three biological replicate. FaO cells were exposed to 100, 250 and 500 µM α-LA for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Results are expressed as means ± SE. Significantly different from control cells for p < 0.05*; p < 0.01 **; p < 0.001***. (D) Western blot analysis of GRP78, GRP94 and GADD153/CHOP in rat FaO hepatoma cells treated with 500 µM α-LA from 6 up to 48 hours. Cells treated with 0,5 μM Thapsigargin (TG) were used as positive control. β-actin was used as loading control. For densitometric analysis specific protein expression was normalized to β-actin expression and values (reported over each band) have been expressed as fold change respect to control. Each lane represents a pool of three individual samples. Western Blot images (D) have been cropped for clarity with full blot presented in Supplementary Fig. 6.