Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of subjects
| Baseline Demographics | No. of subjects (n = 75) |
|---|---|
| n (%) | |
| Gender | |
| Male | 38 (50.7%) |
| Female | 37 (49.3%) |
| Presence of siblings | 46 (61.3%) |
| Mode of delivery | |
| Caesarean | 25 (33.3%) |
| Vaginal | 50 (66.7%) |
| Gestational age | |
| Term (≥37 weeks) | 72 (96.0%) |
| Preterm | 3 (4.0%) |
| Ethnicity | |
| Chinese | 42 (56%) |
| Malay | 21 (28%) |
| Indian | 12 (16%) |
| Household monthly income | |
| 0-$999 | 2 (2.8%) |
| $1000–$1999 | 9 (12.7%) |
| $2000–$3999 | 25 (35.2%) |
| $4000–$5999 | 13 (18.3%) |
| > $6000 | 22 (31%) |
| Maternal Tertiary Education | 46 (61.3%) |
| Antibiotics during pregnancy and/or labour | 35 (46.7%) |
| Class of antibiotics used during pregnancy and/ or labour | |
| Beta-lactam | 30 (40%) |
| Macrolide, beta-lactam | 1 (1.3%) |
| Macrolide | 3 (4.0%) |
| Lincosamide | 1 (1.3%) |
| Postnatal antibiotics within first 12 months | 16 (21.3%) |
| Childcare attendance in first year | 7 (14%) |
| Pet ownership at 12 months | 3 (6%) |
| Smoking exposure in first year | 1 (1.3%) |
| Maternal history of atopy | 18 (24%) |
| Paternal history of atopy | 20 (26.7%) |
| Eczema up to 18 months | 35 (46.7%) |
| Rhinitis up to 18 months | 21 (28.4%) |
| Wheeze with nebulizer use up to 18 months | 5 (7%) |
| Allergen sensitization at 18 months | 15 (23.1%) |
| Hospitalisation in the first year | 5 (6.7%) |
| Illness diagnosed in the first year | 38 (50.7%) |