Figure 7.

Comparison of feedback intensities between the two OFC models and experimental data. Simulated velocity profiles (A) and simulated feedback intensity profiles (B) of baseline (black), early-peak (green), and late-peak (blue) velocity condition simulations for the classical OFC model. Velocity profiles were obtained by constraining the velocity peak location and magnitude and optimizing for movement duration and activation cost function. Simulated feedback intensity profiles were obtained by applying virtual target jumps perpendicular to the movement direction during these movements and calculating the force exerted by the controller in the direction of the target jumps. The jagged appearance of the intensity traces is simply an outcome due to the simulation time step. C, Simulated feedback intensities obtained via the time-to-target OFC model. Preperturbation movements were simulated as if no perturbation would occur, to keep the controller naive to an upcoming perturbation. At the perturbation onset the remaining movement duration is adjusted to match the mean time-to-target for a similar perturbation onset in human participants (Fig. 6B). Therefore, this model only simulates the feedback intensities at the five perturbation locations in the movement. The velocity profiles for the time-to-target model match the velocity profiles of the classical model, shown in A. D, Visuomotor feedback intensities recorded in human participants.