Table 1.
Number and percentage of participants on personal and contextual determinants
| Variables | Total Number (%) (n = 2598) | Number (%) on Location of school (n = 2593a) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bangkok (n = 561) | Urban (n = 1095) | Suburban (n = 937) | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 884 (34.0) | 292 (52.0) | 389 (35.5) | 203 (21.7) |
| Female | 1549 (59.6) | 238 (42.4) | 626 (57.2) | 680 (72.6) |
| Creative gender | 165 (6.4) | 31 (5.5) | 80 (7.3) | 54 (5.7) |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 15 – 16 | 1000 (38.5) | 198 (35.3) | 461 (42.1) | 338 (36.1) |
| 17 – 18 | 1517 (58.4) | 354 (63.1) | 577 (52.7) | 586 (62.5) |
| ≥19 | 81 (3.1) | 9 (1.6) | 57 (5.2) | 13 (1.4) |
| Family history of mental problems | ||||
| No | 1991 (76.6) | 418 (74.5) | 821 (75.0) | 748 (79.8) |
| Yes | 226 (8.7) | 53 (9.4) | 115 (10.5) | 58 (6.1) |
| - father/mother/sibling | 136 (5.2) | 34 (6.1) | 69 (6.3) | 33 (3.5) |
| - grandparents/uncle/aunt | 77 (3.0) | 18 (3.2) | 37 (3.4) | 22 (2.3) |
| - cousin | 13 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) | 9 (0.8) | 3 (0.3) |
| Uncertain/Unknown | 381 (14.7) | 90 (16.0) | 159 (14.5) | 131 (14.0) |
| Mood Swings (MS) | ||||
| Mood swings (AD>5&DE>9&A>5) | 686 (26.4) | 182 (32.4) | 296 (27.0) | 206 (22.0) |
| - Anxiety/Depression (AD) (Above norm=>5) | 255 (48.3) | 315 (56.1) | 516 (47.1) | 420 (44.8) |
| - Depression/Elation (DE) (Above norm=>9) | 1210 (46.6) | 302 (53.8) | 484 (44.2) | 422 (38.5) |
| - Anger (A) (Above norm=>5) | 1062 (40.9) | 256 (45.6) | 455 (41.6) | 349 (37.2) |
| Bullying (IBS) | ||||
| Bullying involvement (Above norm=>13) | 1293 (49.8) | 308 (54.9) | 555 (50.7) | 427 (45.6) |
| - Bully behavior (Above norm=>6) | 1285 (49.5) | 315 (56.1) | 542 (49.5) | 425 (45.4) |
| - Fight behavior (Above norm=>3) | 1034 (39.8) | 242 (43.1) | 474 (43.3) | 316 (33.7) |
| - Victim behavior (Above norm=>3) | 1279 (49.2) | 295 (52.6) | 550 (50.2) | 431 (46.0) |
| Social Media Use (IAT) | ||||
| - Normal (score < 49) | 1383 (53.2) | 287 (51.1) | 616 (56.3) | 479 (51.1) |
| - Trend to impact (score 50 - 79) | 1088 (41.9) | 243 (43.3) | 431 (39.4) | 410 (43.8) |
| - Get impact/problems (score > 80) | 127 (4.9) | 31 (5.5) | 48 (4.4) | 48 (5.1) |
| 1st order reason to use social media | ||||
| - Find someone to chat | 625 (24.1) | 132 (23.5) | 260 (23.7) | 232 (24.8) |
| - Play game | 665 (25.6) | 137 (24.4) | 276 (25.2) | 250 (26.7) |
| - Communicate in family | 552 (21.2) | 123 (21.9) | 212 (19.3) | 216 (23.1) |
| - Entertainment | 828 (31.9) | 182 (32.4) | 322 (29.4) | 323 (34.5) |
| - Chat with boy/girlfriend | 732 (28.2) | 173 (30.8) | 291 (26.6) | 268 (28.6) |
| - Education/knowledge | 390 (15.0) | 84 (15.0) | 164 (15.0) | 142 (15.2) |
| Substance use in 3 months past | ||||
| - Tobacco (score>2) | 61 (2.3) | 12 (2.1) | 43 (3.9) | 6 (0.6) |
| - Alcohol (score>3) | 387 (14.9) | 76 (13.5) | 169 (15.4) | 142 (15.2) |
| - Cannabis (score>2) | 55 (2.1) | 8 (1.4) | 32 (2.9) | 15 (1.6) |
| - Stimulant (score>2) | 33 (1.3) | 4 (0.7) | 18 (1.6) | 11 (1.2) |
| - Sedative (score>2) | 45 (1.7) | 7 (1.2) | 26 (2.4) | 12 (1.3) |
| - Heroin (score>2) | 25 (1.0) | 3 (0.5) | 13 (1.2) | 9 (1.0) |
| - Other substanceb | 63 (2.4) | 11 (2.0) | 32 (2.9) | 20 (2.1) |
| - Energy drinking (score>2) | 351 (13.5) | 89 (15.9) | 150 (13.7) | 112 (12.0) |
| Family structure | ||||
| - Both parents are together | 1632 (62.8) | 370 (66.0) | 653 (59.6) | 604 (64.5) |
| - Single parent | 847 (32.6) | 160 (28.5) | 386 (35.3) | 301 (32.1) |
| - Father/mother remarried | 95 (3.7) | 22 (3.9) | 44 (4.0) | 29 (3.1) |
| - Foster | 24 (0.9) | 9 (1.6) | 12 (1.1) | 3 (0.3) |
| Family circumstance: | ||||
| Expressed emotion in family (EE) | ||||
| High EE (Above norm= > 108) | 1256 (48.3) | 307 (54.7) | 536 (48.9) | 412 (44.0) |
| - Lack of support (LES) High LES (Above norm=>40) | 1185 (45.6) | 300 (53.5) | 510 (46.6) | 375 (40.0) |
| - Intrusive (INTR) High INTR (Above norm=>18) | 1295 (49.2) | 266 (47.4) | 575 (52.5) | 451 (48.1) |
| - Irritation (IRR) High IRR (Above norm=>15) | 1205 (46.4) | 280 (49.9) | 507 (46.3) | 417 (44.5) |
| - Criticism (C) High C (Above norm=>11) | 1224 (47.1) | 283 (50.4) | 547 (49.9) | 393 (41.9) |
| - Positive Criticism (PC) High PC (Above norm=>24) | 987 (38.0) | 195 (34.8) | 406 (37.1) | 381 (40.6) |
| Educational program | ||||
| - High school | 1382 (53.2) | 227 (40.5) | 489 (44.7) | 662 (70.7) |
| - Vocational school | 1216 (46.8) | 334 (59.5) | 606 (55.3) | 275 (29.3) |
afive were missing data of school variables
bOther substance use groups, participated were reported, identified Pro (procodyl), B5 (benzhexol), tramadol, codeine