Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of psychiatric patients with and without liver-related events
| Baseline characteristics | All | No liver-related events | Liver-related events | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 105,763 | 104,302 | 1461 | |
| Male gender (n, %) | 42,149 (39.9) | 41,186 (39.5) | 963 (65.9) | < 0.001 |
| Age (years) | 43.0 ± 13.0 | 42.8 ± 13.0 | 52.6 ± 10.9 | < 0.001 |
| Platelet (× 109/L) | 263.5 ± 75.2 | 264.3 ± 74.3 | 217.9 ± 106.3 | < 0.001 |
| Missing (%) | 27.5 | 27.8 | 11.0 | |
| Albumin (g/L) | 42.5 ± 4.6 | 42.6 ± 4.5 | 38.0 ± 6.6 | < 0.001 |
| Missing (%) | 22.3 | 22.5 | 6.8 | |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 11.0 ± 8.4 | 10.9 ± 7.7 | 18.0 ± 26.8 | < 0.001 |
| Missing (%) | 22.4 | 22.6 | 6.8 | |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 18.0 (13.0–27.0) | 18.0 (13.0–27.0) | 30.0 (18.0–52.0) | < 0.001 |
| Missing (%) | 22.3 | 22.6 | 6.8 | |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 78.7 ± 56.0 | 77.5 ± 47.0 | 151.5 ± 230.6 | < 0.001 |
| Missing (%) | 21.1 | 21.3 | 6.5 | |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.8 ± 2.1 | 5.8 ± 2.1 | 6.7 ± 3.1 | < 0.001 |
| Missing (%) | 65.1 | 65.4 | 44.8 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.0 ± 2.0 | 7.0 ± 2.0 | 7.3 ± 2.2 | 0.008 |
| Missing (%) | 88.3 | 88.6 | 68.7 | |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 4.8 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 |
| Missing (%) | 67.2 | 67.5 | 48.2 | |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.010 |
| Missing (%) | 70.9 | 71.1 | 54.9 | |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | < 0.001 |
| Missing (%) | 71.1 | 71.3 | 55.8 | |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 1.8 ± 1.7 | 0.023 |
| Missing (%) | 67.5 | 67.8 | 48.9 | |
| Liver disease (n, %) | 8256 (7.8) | 7364 (7.1) | 892 (61.1) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic hepatitis B | 5028 (4.8) | 4578 (4.4) | 450 (30.8) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic hepatitis C | 1807 (1.7) | 1608 (1.5) | 199 (13.6) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol-related liver disease | 807 (0.8) | 498 (0.5) | 309 (21.1) | < 0.001 |
| Fatty liver | 1110 (1.0) | 943 (0.9) | 167 (11.4) | < 0.001 |
| Others | 207 (0.2) | 169 (0.2) | 38 (2.6) | < 0.001 |
| Medication during follow-up (n, %) | ||||
| Hypnotics and Anxiolytics | 70,863 (67.0) | 69,835 (67.0) | 1028 (70.4) | 0.006 |
| Antipsychotics | 42,090 (39.8) | 41,462 (39.8) | 628 (43.0) | 0.012 |
| Antidepressants (n, %) | ||||
| − SNRI | 8451 (8.0) | 8410 (8.1) | 41 (2.8) | < 0.001 |
| − SSRI | 46,438 (43.9) | 45,985 (44.1) | 453 (31.0) | < 0.001 |
| − TCA | 29,524 (27.9) | 29,206 (28.0) | 318 (21.8) | < 0.001 |
| − Others | 28,019 (26.5) | 27,713 (26.6) | 306 (20.9) | < 0.001 |
| Anti-HBV treatment (n, %)a | 1404 (27.9) | 1126 (24.6) | 278 (61.8) | < 0.001 |
| Anti-HCV treatment (n, %)b | 38 (2.1) | 31 (1.9) | 7 (3.5) | 0.182 |
| Follow-up duration (years) | 12.4 (11.0–13.7) | 12.5 (11.1–13.7) | 5.3 (2.4–8.9) | < 0.001 |
Alanine aminotransferase and follow-up duration were expressed in median (interquartile range), whereas other continuous variables were expressed in mean ± standard deviation. Qualitative and quantitative differences between subgroups were analyzed by chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests for categorical parameters and Student’s t test or Mann-Whitney test for continuous parameters, as appropriate
a Percentage calculated among patients with chronic hepatitis B
b Percentage calculated among patients with chronic hepatitis C
HBV hepatitis B virus, HCV hepatitis C virus, SNRI Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, SSRI Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, TCA Tricyclic antidepressants