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. 2020 Apr 22;14:59. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00059

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Copyright © 2020 Han, Dong, Xu, Rao, Shu, Li, Cheng, Wu, Yang, Han and Zhong.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of penicillamine (PCA) on behavior in toxic milk (TX) mice. (A) The escape latency of the model group was increased as compared with that of the wild-type control group. The escape latency of the TX mice after 14 days of PCA treatment was prolonged. The escape latencies of TX mice were decreased on the 21st and 28th days of PCA treatment as compared with those of TX mice on the 14th day of PCA treatment. (B) The open arm ratio of the TX mice decreased after 14 days of PCA treatment. On the 21st and 28th days of PCA treatment, the open arm ratio was significantly increased as compared with that on the 14th day of PCA treatment. (C) The amount of time spent in the open arms in the model group was significantly decreased as compared with that in the control group. The amount of time spent in the open arms was significantly decreased on the 14th day of PCA administration and increased on the 21st and 28th days of PCA treatment in the TX mice as compared with that in the model group. (D) The total distance traveled by the TX mice was significantly decreased as compared with the total distance traveled by the control group. The total distance traveled by the TX mice decreased after 7 days of PCA treatment. The total distance traveled was significantly increased on the 28th day of PCA treatment as compared with that on the 7th day of PCA treatment. (E) The amount of time spent in the center zone by the model group was significantly decreased as compared with the amount of time spent in the center zone by the control group. The amount of time spent in the center zone decreased on the 14th day of PCA treatment, and significantly increased on the 21st and 28th days of PCA treatment. (F) Mice in the model group spent significantly more time in the wall zone than did mice in the control group. The amount of time spent in the wall zone increased on the 14th day of PCA treatment, and decreased on the 21st and 28th days of PCA treatment. (G) The immobility time of TX mice was significantly increased on the 7th day of PCA treatment and significantly decreased on the 14th and 28th days of PCA treatment as compared with the immobility time of the model group. (H) The number of rearing instances in TX mice was significantly decreased on the 7th day of PCA treatment as compared with that in the model group. (I) On the 7th day of PCA treatment, the number of climbing instances was significantly decreased as compared with that in the model group. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM); one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni’s post hoc test, ^⧫P < 0.05, ^⧫⧫P < 0.01 vs. the corresponding control group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. the corresponding model group; ^⋆P < 0.05, ^⋆⋆P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. the corresponding 7th-day group; ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.001 vs. the corresponding 14th-day group.