Table 1.

Behavioral, conceptual, and population characteristics of studies included in meta-analysis

		% female	Sample size	Conceptual framework(s)	Target behavior	Intervention type	Affect change or saliencea
(43)	Abraham & Sheeran, 2003	.	229	TPB plus anticipated regret	Exercise	1-item anticipated regret questionnaire	salience
(44)	Abraham & Sheeran, 2004	50	70	TPB plus anticipated regret	Exercise	1-item anticipated regret questionnaire	salience
(122)	Abraham, et al., 2004	.	4,064	TPB plus anticipated regret	Unsafe sex	School-based sex education program	change
(123)	Angott, et al., 2013	60.5	223	Anticipated affect; immune neglect	Ostomy	Video about life with ostomy pouch	change
(124)	Barkoukis, et al., 2015	25	60	TPB plus anticipated regret	Athlete doping	Self-affirmation intervention	change
(125)	Brown, et al., 2011	51.04	480	Emotional intelligence; anticipated regret	Unsafe sex	School-based sex education program	change
(126)	Bui, 2009	.	338	Anticipated affect; regret regulation	Eating behavior	Questionnaire about future feelings	salience
(66)	Chambers, et al., 2016	100	856	TPB plus anticipated regret	Breast cancer screening	2-item anticipated regret questionnaire	salience
(127)	Clowes & Masser, 2012	56.6	76	Anticipated affect; TPB	Blood donation	Mimicked real blood donation environment	salience
(51)	Cox, et al., 2014	100	320	Anticipated regret	HPV vaccination	2-item anticipated regret questionnaire	salience
(128)	Dillard & Wertheimer, 2016	64.7	17	Affective forecasting; impact bias	Colorectal cancer screening	Adaptation recall exercise	salience
(42)	Dillard, et al., 2010	53	1,533	Affective forecasting	Colorectal cancer screening	Educational message plus a forecasting-based narrative	change
(56)	Ferrer, et al., 2011	52	132	Emotional intelligence; anticipated affect	Unsafe sex	School-based sex education program	change
(129)	Ferrer, et al., 2012	67	61	Anticipated and anticipatory affect	Colorectal cancer screening	Message aimed at increasing anticipated emotions	change
(130)	Fisher, et al., 2012	61.1	208	Anticipated regret; Protection Motivation Theory	Genetic testing	Biased information about whole genome sequencing	change
(131)	France, et al., 2013	62	673	Anticipated regret; coping	Blood donation	Video about donor concerns and coping strategies	change
(45)	Godin, et al., 2014	50	2,000	TPB plus anticipated regret	Blood donation	3-item anticipated regret questionnaire	salience
(46)	Godin, et al., 2010	53	4,391	TPB plus anticipated regret	Blood donation	3-item anticipated regret questionnaire	salience
(39)	Helfer, et al., 2014	63.57	140	Anticipated affect	Exercise	Questionnaire about future feelings	salience
(67)	Leaf, 2008	66	150	Anticipated affect	Sun protection	Questionnaire about future feelings	salience
(132)	Martinez, 2014	100	245	Anticipated regret	Folic acid consumption	Anticipated regret message about folic acid consumption	salience
(133)	Moser, 2011	100	352	Anticipated affect	Sun protection	Images depicting photoaging and skin cancer (to evoke anticipated fear and disgust)	change
(134)	Muller, et al., 2014	80	176	Anticipated affect; coping	Prenatal screening	Video message about prenatal testing	change
(10)	Murgraff, et al., 1999	60.6	99	Anticipated affect	Alcohol consumption	Questionnaire about future feelings	salience
(47)	O’Carroll, et al., 2015	51	38,938	TPB plus anticipated regret	Colorectal cancer screening	2-item anticipated regret questionnaire	salience
(48)	O’Carroll, et al., 2011	63.29	286	TPB plus anticipated regret	Colorectal cancer screening	2-item anticipated regret questionnaire	salience
(49)	O’Carroll, et al., 2011	50.8	193	TPB plus anticipated regret	Organ donation	2-item anticipated regret questionnaire	salience
(53)	O’Carroll, et al., 2016	56.65	9,139	TPB plus anticipated regret	Organ donation	2-item anticipated regret questionnaire	salience
(135)	Ogden, et al., 2009	65.2	418	Anticipated regret	Medical choices	Vignettes with anticipated regret about a medical choice	salience
(136)	O’Hara, 2011	60.7	117	Anticipated affect; Prototype Willingness model	Alcohol consumption; flu vaccinations	Questionnaire about future feelings	salience
(57)	Peter & Brinberg, 2012	35.71	28	Emotional intelligence; anticipated affect	Eating behavior	Emotional intelligence curriculum	change
(137)	Reid, et al., 2013	58.72	109	Emotional intelligence; anticipated affect	Eating behavior	Emotional intelligence curriculum targeting anticipated emotions	change
(9)	Richard, et al., 1996	69.94	343	Anticipated affect	Unsafe sex	Questionnaire about future feelings	salience
(4)	Ruby, et al., 2011	78	207	Anticipated affect; forecasting myopia	Exercise	Questionnaire about future feelings	salience
(50)	Sandberg & Conner, 2009	100	4,277	TPB plus anticipated regret	Cervical cancer screening	2-item anticipated regret questionnaire	salience
(52)	Sandberg & Conner, 2011	61.98	576	TPB plus anticipated regret	Exercise	3-item anticipated regret questionnaire	salience
(138)	Smerecnik & Ruiter, 2010	65	60	Anticipated regret; perceived threat and coping	Unsafe sex	Threat and coping messages about HIV prevention	change
(73)	Sweeny & Legg, 2011	80	61	Anticipated regret	Genetic testing	Messages with positive, negative, or both forms of genetic testing information	change

TPB Theory of planned behavior.

^aAffect change or salience reflects an intervention’s effort to either increase the salience of existing anticipated affect at time of decision (e.g., anticipated regret questionnaires), or change anticipated affect in terms of valence or intensity (e.g., through narratives).