Table 1.
Demographic and treatment characteristics of survivors of childhood cancer overall and by decade of diagnosis and their siblings. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
| Characteristics | Survivors | Siblings (n=5057) | P value† | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall cohort (n=23 462) | 1970-79 (n=6193)* | 1980-89 (n=9363)* | 1990-99 (n=7906)* | |||
| Sex: | ||||||
| Female | 10 874 (46.3) | 2883 (46.6) | 4292 (45.9) | 3699 (46.4) | 2643 (52.3) | <0.001 |
| Male | 12 588 (53.7) | 3310 (53.4) | 5071 (54.1) | 4207 (53.6) | 2414 (47.7) | |
| Median (range) age at last follow-up (years) | 27.7 (8.2-58.3) | 36.5 (15.5-58.3) | 28.3 (8.2-49.5) | 22.8 (9.4-42.4) | 32.8 (0.3-62.6) | <0.001 |
| Median (range) age at diagnosis (years) | 6.1 (0.0-20.9) | 7.2 (0.0-20.9) | 5.9 (0.0-20.9) | 5.9 (0.0-20.9) | NA | |
| Median (range) time from diagnosis (years) | 20.5 (7.0-39.3) | 29.5 (14.4-39.3) | 22.4 (7.0-29.2) | 11.0 (8.4-24.3) | NA | |
| Race/ethnicity: | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 19 226 (81.2) | 5503 (88.9) | 7744 (82.5) | 5979 (75.4) | 4375 (86.5) | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1495 (6.5) | 241 (3.9) | 577 (6.1) | 677 (8.4) | 151 (3.0) | |
| Hispanic | 1761 (8.1) | 283 (4.6) | 609 (6.7) | 869 (11.4) | 213 (4.2) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 354 (1.7) | 41 (0.7) | 154 (1.7) | 159 (2.1) | 54 (1.1) | |
| Other/unknown | 626 (2.6) | 125 (2.0) | 279 (3.0) | 222 (2.7) | 264 (5.2) | |
| Primary cancer diagnosis: | ||||||
| Leukemia | 7281 (39.5) | 2023 (32.7) | 3314 (40.1) | 1944 (43.0) | NA | |
| Acute lymphoblastic leukemia | 6127 (35.2) | 1818 (29.4) | 2885 (35.9) | 1424 (38.0) | ||
| Acute myelogenous leukemia | 852 (3.2) | 131 (2.1) | 324 (3.2) | 397 (3.8) | ||
| Other | 302 (1.1) | 74 (1.2) | 105 (1.0) | 123 (1.2) | ||
| Brain tumor | 4227 (15.8) | 735 (11.9) | 1498 (14.8) | 1994 (19.1) | ||
| Astrocytoma | 2589 (9.7) | 509 (8.2) | 944 (9.4) | 1136 (10.9) | ||
| Medulloblastoma | 994 (3.7) | 147 (2.4) | 348 (3.4) | 499 (4.8) | ||
| Other | 644 (2.4) | 79 (1.3) | 206 (2.0) | 359 (3.4) | ||
| Lymphoma | 4904 (18.3) | 1545 (25.0) | 1820 (18.0) | 1539 (14.7) | ||
| Hodgkin lymphoma | 2985 (11.2) | 1093 (17.7) | 1053 (10.4) | 839 (8.0) | ||
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | 1919 (7.2) | 452 (7.30) | 767 (7.6) | 700 (6.7) | ||
| Kidney tumor | 2130 (8.0) | 531 (8.6) | 870 (8.6) | 729 (7.0) | ||
| Neuroblastoma | 1825 (6.8) | 441 (7.1) | 668 (6.6) | 716 (6.9) | NA | |
| Soft tissue sarcoma | 1153 (4.3) | 364 (5.9) | 443 (4.4) | 346 (3.3) | ||
| Bone cancer | 1942 (7.3) | 554 (9.0) | 750 (7.4) | 638 (6.1) | ||
| Osteosarcoma | 1187 (4.4) | 354 (5.7) | 467 (4.6) | 366 (3.5) | ||
| Ewing sarcoma | 702 (2.6) | 197 (3.2) | 274 (2.7) | 231 (2.2) | ||
| Other | 53 (0.2) | 3 (0.1) | 9 (0.1) | 41 (0.4) | ||
| Therapy type‡: | ||||||
| Radiation only | 81 (0.4) | 24 (0.5) | 33 (0.4) | 24 (0.3) | NA | |
| Surgery only | 1867 (7.7) | 274 (5.2) | 627 (6.9) | 966 (9.7) | ||
| Radiation and surgery | 1885 (7.8) | 782 (14.8) | 770 (8.5) | 333 (3.3) | ||
| Chemotherapy only | 2318 (17.4) | 227 (4.3) | 920 (14.0) | 1171 (27.4) | ||
| Chemotherapy and radiation | 2289 (11.8) | 863 (16.3) | 985 (13.4) | 441 (7.9) | ||
| Chemotherapy and surgery | 4912 (22.0) | 694 (13.1) | 1969 (22.5) | 2249 (26.3) | ||
| Chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery | 7804 (33.0) | 2424 (45.8) | 3011 (34.2) | 2369 (25.1) | ||
| Anthracycline (mg/m2)§: | ||||||
| None | 11 145 (49.0) | 3710 (72.2) | 4248 (50.0) | 3187 (36.0) | NA | |
| <250 | 6190 (36.0) | 581 (11.3) | 2360 (32.2) | 3249 (52.1) | ||
| ≥250 | 3415 (15.0) | 850 (16.5) | 1511 (17.8) | 1054 (11.9) | ||
| Mean heart radiation dose (Gy): | ||||||
| None | 9234 (46.3) | 1219 (23.2) | 3631 (45.2) | 4384 (59.7) | NA | |
| <15 | 8199 (37.8) | 2764 (52.6) | 3343 (39.9) | 2092 (27.9) | ||
| 15 to <35 | 2376 (11.3) | 675 (12.9) | 866 (10.6) | 835 (11.1) | ||
| ≥35 | 1074 (4.6) | 593 (11.3) | 376 (4.3) | 105 (1.3) | ||
| Education: | ||||||
| Some high school | 4263 (20.0) | 674 (11.2) | 1472 (15.7) | 2103 (28.9) | 398 (8.0) | <0.001 |
| High school graduate | 5173 (22.2) | 1490 (24.7) | 2008 (21.5) | 1675 (21.4) | 854 (17.2) | |
| Some college | 5893 (25.8) | 1532 (25.4) | 2309 (25.4) | 2052 (26.4) | 1298 (26.1) | |
| College graduate | 5633 (23.3) | 1553 (25.8) | 2511 (27.4) | 1569 (18.0) | 1623 (32.6) | |
| Postgraduate | 2213 (8.8) | 773 (12.8) | 939 (10.0) | 501 (5.3) | 807 (16.2) | |
| Median (range) body mass index | 24.6 (11.0-63.2) | 25.2 (11.0-63.2) | 24.8 (11.2-61.2) | 24.2 (11.2-62.8) | 23.8 (11.2-60.8) | <0.001 |
| Smoking: | ||||||
| Never | 14 435 (68.4) | 4071 (67.1) | 6243 (68.9) | 4121 (68.8) | 3109 (65.0) | <0.001 |
| Ever | 6654 (31.6) | 1992 (32.9) | 2767 (31.1) | 1895 (31.2) | 1674 (35.0) | |
| Diabetes mellitus: | ||||||
| Yes | 687 (2.8) | 255 (4.1) | 255 (2.7) | 177 (2.1) | 94 (1.9) | <0.001 |
| No | 22 775 (97.2) | 5938 (95.9) | 9108 (97.3) | 7729 (97.9) | 4963 (98.1) | |
| Dyslipidemia: | ||||||
| Yes | 1578 (6.2) | 715 (11.6) | 579 (6.0) | 284 (3.3) | 271 (5.4) | 0.02 |
| No | 21 884 (93.8) | 5478 (88.4) | 8784 (94.0) | 7622 (96.7) | 4786 (94.6) | |
| Hypertension: | ||||||
| Yes | 2232 (9.1) | 914 (14.8) | 853 (9.1) | 465 (5.6) | 437 (8.6) | 0.35 |
| No | 21 230 (90.9) | 5279 (85.2) | 8510 (90.9) | 7441 (94.4) | 4620 (91.4) | |
NA=not applicable.
*
Sampling weights were applied for all percentages, means, and medians to account for under-sampling of survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (1987-99), using a weight of 1.21 for those aged 0 or 11-20 years at diagnosis and a weight of 3.63 for those aged 1-10 years at diagnosis.
†
P value comparing overall cohort with siblings
‡
Treatment categories are mutually exclusive. Percentages provided among those with available data on treatment exposure.
§
Doxorubicin equivalents.