Table 2.
Excess mortality associated with ozone for total (>70 µg/m3) and above World Health Organization guideline of 100 µg/m3 in main cities of each participating country and overall estimates for the 406 cities
| Countries | Cities | Total (>70 µg/m3)* | Above WHO guideline (100 µg/m3) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % Excess fraction (95% CI) | No of annual excess deaths (95% CI) | % Excess fraction (95% CI) | No of annual excess deaths (95% CI) | |||
| Australia† | Sydney | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | |
| Canada | Toronto | 0.59 (0.34 to 0.85) | 159 (90 to 228) | 0.48 (0.22 to 0.73) | 128 (59 to 197) | |
| China | Shanghai | 0.32 (0.04 to 0.57) | 117 (15 to 209) | 0.27 (−0.01 to 0.53) | 99 (−4 to 195) | |
| Czech Republic | Prague | 0.27 (0.02 to 0.48) | 38 (3 to 69) | 0.20 (−0.06 to 0.44) | 29 (−9 to 63) | |
| Estonia | Tallinn | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.02) | 1 (0 to 1) | 0.00 (−0.01 to 0.01) | 0 (−1 to 1) | |
| France | Paris | 0.15 (0.05 to 0.26) | 70 (24 to 119) | 0.11 (0.00 to 0.21) | 48 (0 to 96) | |
| Germany | Berlin | 0.12 (0.04 to 0.20) | 46 (14 to 74) | 0.08 (−0.01 to 0.17) | 30 (−3 to 62) | |
| Greece | Athens | 0.16 (−0.07 to 0.41) | 52 (−23 to 132) | 0.11 (−0.13 to 0.37) | 35 (−42 to 117) | |
| Italy | Rome | 0.27 (0.05 to 0.52) | 69 (13 to 132) | 0.19 (−0.05 to 0.44) | 48 (−12 to 111) | |
| Japan | Tokyo | 0.27 (0.14 to 0.40) | 249 (127 to 371) | 0.18 (0.04 to 0.32) | 170 (40 to 304) | |
| Mexico | Valley of Mexico | 0.73 (0.04 to 1.38) | 707 (39 to 1,339) | 0.72 (0.02 to 1.36) | 694 (22 to 1,317) | |
| Portugal | Lisbon | 0.09 (−0.03 to 0.2) | 20 (−6 to 45) | 0.04 (−0.09 to 0.17) | 9 (−20 to 39) | |
| South Africa | City of Johannesburg | 0.32 (0.15 to 0.49) | 121 (59 to 187) | 0.22 (0.05 to 0.39) | 82 (19 to 148) | |
| South Korea | Seoul | 0.10 (0.03 to 0.17) | 41 (13 to 71) | 0.06 (−0.01 to 0.14) | 27 (−3 to 58) | |
| Spain | Madrid | 0.03 (−0.04 to 0.11) | 9 (−12 to 31) | 0.01 (−0.07 to 0.10) | 3 (−21 to 27) | |
| Sweden | Stockholm | 0.10 (0.02 to 0.18) | 10 (2 to 18) | 0.03 (−0.07 to 0.13) | 3 (−7 to 13) | |
| Switzerland | Zurich | 0.31 (0.05 to 0.54) | 13 (2 to 22) | 0.23 (−0.02 to 0.48) | 10 (−1 to 20) | |
| Taiwan | Taipei | 0.34 (−0.05 to 0.72) | 131 (−21 to 276) | 0.28 (−0.11 to 0.67) | 109 (−43 to 258) | |
| UK | London | 0.10 (0.07 to 0.12) | 63 (44 to 81) | 0.06 (0.02 to 0.09) | 37 (15 to 57) | |
| USA | Los Angeles | 0.41 (0.24 to 0.57) | 242 (142 to 335) | 0.36 (0.19 to 0.52) | 211 (112 to 307) | |
| 20 MCC countries‡ | 406 MCC cities | 0.26 (0.24 to 0.28) | 8,203 (3,525 to 12 840) | 0.20 (0.18 to 0.22) | 6,262 (1,413 to 11 065) | |
*
Total refers to ozone related deaths when levels above 70 µg/m3 (defined as maximum background levels).
†
No excess mortality associated with ozone were found in Australia, as daily ozone levels were below the maximum background level set up at 70 µg/m3.
‡
Countries contributing to the Multi-City Multi-Country (MCC) Collaborative Research Network included in the present study.