Table 2.
Life expectancy (in years) at age 50 years in absence of chronic diseases according to number of low risk lifestyle factors in Nurses’ Health Study (women) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (men) separately
| No of low risk lifestyle factors* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zero | One | Two | Three | Four or five | |
| Women | |||||
| Free of cancer, CVD, or type 2 diabetes: | |||||
| Life expectancy | 23.7 (22.6 to 24.7) | 26.4 (25.2 to 27.4) | 29.1 (28.0 to 30.0) | 31.8 (30.8 to 32.8) | 34.4 (33.1 to 35.5) |
| Difference | Reference | 2.6 (2.3 to 2.9) | 5.3 (5.0 to 5.6) | 8.1 (7.7 to 8.5) | 10.6 (10.0 to 11.3) |
| Free of cancer: | |||||
| Life expectancy | 27.6 (26.3 to 28.7) | 29.7 (28.5 to 30.9) | 31.8 (30.6 to 32.8) | 33.8 (32.7 to 34.8) | 35.9 (34.6 to 37.1) |
| Difference | Reference | 2.2 (1.9 to 2.4) | 4.2 (4.0 to 4.5) | 6.2 (5.9 to 6.6) | 8.3 (7.8 to 8.9) |
| Free of CVD: | |||||
| Life expectancy | 30.2 (29.9 to 30.6) | 32.6 (32.2 to 33.0) | 35.0 (34.5 to 35.4) | 37.6 (37.0 to 38.1) | 40.2 (39.5 to 40.9) |
| Difference | Reference | 2.4 (2.1 to 2.7) | 4.7 (4.4 to 5.1) | 7.3 (6.9 to 7.7) | 10.0 (9.3 to 10.6) |
| Free of type 2 diabetes: | |||||
| Life expectancy | 28.2 (27.0 to 29.3) | 31.1 (30.1 to 32.0) | 34.3 (33.6 to 35.0) | 37.6 (37.0 to 38.3) | 40.5 (39.7 to 41.3) |
| Difference | Reference | 2.9 (2.6 to 3.2) | 6.1 (5.6 to 6.6) | 9.4 (8.7 to 10.2) | 12.3 (11.4 to 13.4) |
| Men | |||||
| Free of any of cancer, CVD, or type 2 diabetes | |||||
| Life expectancy | 23.5 (22.3 to 24.7) | 24.8 (23.5 to 26.0) | 26.7 (25.3 to 27.9) | 28.4 (26.9 to 29.7) | 31.1 (29.5 to 32.5) |
| Difference | Reference | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.6) | 3.2 (2.7 to 3.6) | 4.8 (4.3 to 5.4) | 7.6 (6.8 to 8.4) |
| Free of cancer: | |||||
| Life expectancy | 27.3 (25.8 to 28.5) | 28.3 (26.8 to 29.6) | 29.7 (28.2 to 31.1) | 31.0 (29.4 to 32.4) | 33.3 (31.6 to 34.8) |
| Difference | Reference | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.3) | 2.5 (2.1 to 2.8) | 3.7 (3.3 to 4.2) | 6.0 (5.4 to 6.7) |
| Free of CVD: | |||||
| Life expectancy | 29.0 (28.5 to 29.6) | 30.6 (29.9 to 31.1) | 32.8 (32.1 to 33.4) | 34.5 (33.8 to 35.2) | 37.7 (36.8 to 38.6) |
| Difference | Reference | 1.5 (1.1 to 1.9) | 3.7 (3.3 to 4.2) | 5.5 (5.0 to 6.0) | 8.6 (7.9 to 9.4) |
| Free of type 2 diabetes: | |||||
| Life expectancy | 28.0 (27.3 to 28.7) | 29.8 (29.0 to 30.6) | 32.6 (31.7 to 33.4) | 34.9 (34.0 to 35.8) | 38.4 (37.3 to 39.4) |
| Difference | Reference | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.1) | 4.5 (4.1 to 5.0) | 6.9 (6.3 to 7.4) | 10.3 (9.6 to 11.1) |
CVD=cardiovascular diseases.
Included cigarette smoking (never smoking), physical activity (≥3.5 h/week moderate to vigorous intensity activity), high diet quality (upper 40% of Alternate Healthy Eating Index), moderate alcohol intake of 5-15 g/day (women) or 5-30 g/day (men), and normal weight (body mass index 18.5-24.9). Multivariate adjusted hazard ratios (sex specific) for mortality and incident diseases associated with lifestyles factors adjusted for age, ethnicity, current multivitamin use, current aspirin use, family history of diabetes, myocardial infarction, or cancer, and menopausal status and hormone use (women only).