Table 2.
Characteristics of non-randomised studies
| Lead author | Year | Country | Study type | Specialty | Disease | Outcome | Caveat in discussion* | Suggestion in discussion† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abramoff | 2018 | US | Prospective real world | Ophthalmology | Diabetic retinopathy | More than mild diabetic retinopathy | No | Yes |
| Arbabshirani | 2018 | US | Prospective real world | Radiology | Intracranial haemorrhage | Haemorrhage | Yes | No |
| Arji | 2018 | Japan | Retrospective | Radiology | Oral cancer | Cervical lymph node metastases | No | No |
| Becker | 2017 | Switzerland | Retrospective | Radiology | Breast cancer | BI-RADS category 5 | Yes | No |
| Becker | 2018 | Switzerland | Retrospective | Radiology | Breast cancer | BI-RADS category 5 | Yes | No |
| Bien | 2018 | US | Retrospective | Radiology | Knee injuries | Abnormality on MRI | No | No |
| Brinker | 2019 | Germany | Retrospective | Dermatology | Skin cancer | Melanoma | No | No |
| Brinker | 2019 | Germany | Retrospective | Dermatology | Skin cancer | Melanoma | Yes | No |
| Brown | 2018 | US | Retrospective | Ophthalmology | Retinopathy of prematurity | Plus disease | No | No |
| Burlina | 2018 | US | Retrospective | Ophthalmology | Macular degeneration | ARMD stage | No | No |
| Burlina | 2017 | US | Retrospective | Ophthalmology | Macular degeneration | Intermediate or advanced stage ARMD | No | No |
| Burlina | 2017 | US | Retrospective | Ophthalmology | Macular degeneration | ARMD stage | No | No |
| Bychov | 2018 | Finland | Retrospective | Histopathology | Colorectal cancer | Low or high risk for 5 year survival | No | No |
| Byra | 2018 | US | Retrospective | Radiology | Breast cancer | BI-RADS category 4 or more | No | No |
| Cha | 2018 | US | Retrospective | Radiology | Bladder cancer | T0 status post chemotherapy | No | No |
| Cha | 2019 | South Korea | Retrospective | Radiology | Lung cancer | Nodule operability | Yes | No |
| Chee | 2019 | South Korea | Retrospective | Radiology | Osteonecrosis of the femoral head | Stage of osteonecrosis | Yes | No |
| Chen | 2018 | Taiwan | Prospective | Gastroenterology | Colorectal cancer | Neoplastic polyp | No | No |
| Choi | 2018 | South Korea | Retrospective | Radiology | Liver fibrosis | Fibrosis stage | No | No |
| Choi | 2019 | South Korea | Retrospective | Radiology | Breast cancer | Malignancy | No | No |
| Chung | 2018 | South Korea | Retrospective | Orthopaedics | Humerus fractures | Proximal humerus fracture | Yes | No |
| Ciompi | 2017 | Netherlands/Italy | Retrospective | Radiology | Lung cancer | Nodule type | No | No |
| Ciritsis | 2019 | Switzerland | Retrospective | Radiology | Breast cancer | BI-RADS stage | No | No |
| De Fauw | 2018 | UK | Retrospective | Ophthalmology | Retinopathy | Diagnosis and referral decision | Yes | No |
| Ehtesham Bejnordii | 2017 | Netherlands | Retrospective | Histopathology | Breast cancer | Metastases | Yes | No |
| Esteva | 2017 | US | Retrospective | Dermatology | Skin cancer | Lesion type | Yes | No |
| Fujioka | 2019 | Japan | Retrospective | Radiology | Breast cancer | BI-RADS malignancy | No | No |
| Fujisawa | 2018 | Japan | Retrospective | Dermatology | Skin cancer | Malignancy classification | Yes | No |
| Gan | 2019 | China | Retrospective | Orthopaedics | Wrist fractures | Fracture | Yes | No |
| Gulshan | 2019 | India | Prospective real world | Ophthalmology | Retinopathy | Moderate or worse diabetic retinopathy or referable macula oedema | Yes | No |
| Haenssle | 2018 | Germany | Retrospective | Dermatology | Skin cancer | Malignancy classification and management decision | Yes | No |
| Hamm | 2019 | US | Retrospective | Radiology | Liver cancer | LI-RADS category | No | No |
| Han | 2018 | South Korea | Retrospective | Dermatology | Skin cancer | Cancer type | No | No |
| Han | 2018 | South Korea | Retrospective | Dermatology | Onchomycosis | Onchomycosis diagnosis | No | No |
| Hannun | 2019 | US | Retrospective | Cardiology | Arrhythmia | Arrhythmia classification | No | No |
| He | 2019 | China | Retrospective | Radiology | Bone cancer | Recurrence of giant cell tumour | No | No |
| Hwang | 2019 | Taiwan | Retrospective | Ophthalmology | Macular degeneration | Classification and type of ARMD | No | Yes |
| Hwang | 2018 | South Korea | Retrospective | Radiology | Tuberculosis | TB presence | Yes | No |
| Hwang | 2019 | South Korea | Retrospective | Radiology | Pulmonary pathology | Abnormal chest radiograph | Yes | No |
| Kim | 2018 | South Korea | Retrospective | Radiology | Sinusitis | Maxillary sinusitis label | No | No |
| Kise | 2019 | Japan | Retrospective | Radiology | Sjogren’s syndrome | Sjogren’s syndrome presence | No | No |
| Kooi | 2017 | Netherlands | Retrospective | Radiology | Breast cancer | Classification of mammogram | No | No |
| Krause | 2018 | US | Retrospective | Ophthalmology | Diabetic retinopathy | Diabetic retinopathy stage | No | No |
| Kuo | 2019 | Taiwan | Retrospective | Nephrology | Chronic kidney disease | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73m2 | No | Yes |
| Lee | 2018 | US | Prospective | Radiology | Intracranial haemorrhage | Haemorrhage | Yes | No |
| Li | 2018 | China | Prospective | oncology | Nasopharyngeal cancer | Malignancy | No | Yes |
| Li | 2018 | China | Retrospective | Ophthalmology | Glaucoma | Glaucoma | No | No |
| Li | 2018 | China | Retrospective | Radiology | Thyroid cancer | Malignancy | Yes | No |
ARMD=age related macular degeneration; BI-RADS=breast imaging reporting and data system; eGFR=estimated glomerular filtration rate; LI-RADS=liver imaging reporting and data system; MRI=magnetic resonance imaging; TB=tuberculosis.
*
Caveat mentioned in discussion about need for further prospective work or trials.
†
Suggestion in discussion that algorithm can now be used clinically.