Table 3.
Characteristics of non-randomised studies
| Lead author | Year | Country | Study type | Specialty | Disease | Outcome | Caveat in discussion* | Suggestion in discussion† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Long | 2017 | China | Prospective real world | Ophthalmology | Congenital cataracts | Detection of congenital cataracts | No | No |
| Lu | 2018 | China | Retrospective | Ophthalmology | Macular pathologies | Classification of macular pathology | No | No |
| Marchetti | 2017 | US | Retrospective | Dermatology | Skin cancer | Malignancy (melanoma) | Yes | No |
| Matsuba | 2018 | Japan | Retrospective | Ophthalmology | Macular degeneration | Wet AMD | No | No |
| Mori | 2018 | Japan | Prospective real world | Gastroenterology | Polyps | Neoplastic polyp | Yes | Yes |
| Nagpal | 2019 | US | Retrospective | Histopathology | Prostate cancer | Gleason score | No | No |
| Nakagawa | 2019 | Japan | Retrospective | Gastroenterology | Oesophageal cancer | Cancer invasion depth stage SM2/3 | No | No |
| Nam | 2018 | South Korea | Retrospective | Radiology | Pulmonary nodules | Classification and localisation of nodule | Yes | No |
| Nirschl | 2018 | US | Retrospective | Histopathology | Heart failure | Heart failure (pathologically) | No | Yes |
| Olczak | 2017 | Sweden | Retrospective | Orthopaedics | Fractures | Fracture | No | Yes |
| Park | 2019 | US | Retrospective | Radiology | Cerebral aneurysm | Aneurysm presence | Yes | No |
| Poedjiastoeti | 2018 | Thailand | Retrospective | Oncology | Jaw tumours | Malignancy | No | No |
| Rajpurkar | 2018 | US | Retrospective | Radiology | Pulmonary pathology | Classification of chest radiograph pathology | Yes | No |
| Raumviboonsuk | 2019 | Thailand | Prospective real world | Ophthalmology | Diabetic retinopathy | Moderate or worse diabetic retinopathy | Yes | No |
| Rodriguez-Ruiz | 2018 | Netherlands | Retrospective | Radiology | Breast cancer | Classification of mammogram | Yes | No |
| Sayres | 2019 | US | Retrospective | Ophthalmology | Diabetic retinopathy | Moderate or worse non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy | No | No |
| Shichijo | 2017 | Japan | Retrospective | Gastroenterology | Gastritis | Helicobacter pylori gastritis | No | No |
| Singh | 2018 | US | Retrospective | Radiology | Pulmonary pathology | Chest radiograph abnormality | No | No |
| Steiner | 2018 | US | Retrospective | Histopathology | Breast cancer | Metastases | Yes | No |
| Ting | 2017 | Singapore | Retrospective | Ophthalmology | Retinopathy, glaucoma, macular degeneration | Referable pathology for retinopathy, glaucoma, macular degeneration | Yes | No |
| Urakawa | 2019 | Japan | Retrospective | Orthopaedics | Hip fractures | Intertrochanteric hip fracture | No | No |
| van Grinsven | 2016 | Netherlands | Retrospective | Ophthalmology | Fundal haemorrhage | Fundal haemorrhage | No | No |
| Walsh | 2018 | UK/Italy | Retrospective | Radiology | Fibrotic lung disease | Fibrotic lung disease | No | No |
| Wang | 2019 | China | Retrospective | Radiology | Thyroid nodule | Nodule presence | Yes | No |
| Wang | 2018 | China | Retrospective | Radiology | Lung cancer | Invasive or preinvasive adenocarcinoma nodule | No | No |
| Wu | 2019 | US | Retrospective | Radiology | Bladder cancer | T0 response to chemotherapy | No | No |
| Xue | 2017 | China | Retrospective | Orthopaedics | Hip osteoarthritis | Radiograph presence of hip osteoarthritis | No | No |
| Ye | 2019 | China | Retrospective | Radiology | Intracranial haemorrhage | Presence of intracranial haemorrhage | Yes | No |
| Yu | 2018 | South Korea | Retrospective | Dermatology | Skin cancer | Malignancy (melanoma) | No | No |
| Zhang | 2019 | China | Retrospective | Radiology | Pulmonary nodules | Presence of a malignant nodule | Yes | No |
| Zhao | 2018 | China | Retrospective | Radiology | Lung cancer | Classification of nodule invasiveness | No | No |
| Zhu | 2019 | China | Retrospective | Gastroenterology | Gastric cancer | Tumour invasion depth (deeper than SM1) | No | No |
| Zucker | 2019 | US | Retrospective | Radiology | Cystic fibrosis | Brasfield score | Yes | No |
AMD=age related macular degeneration.
*
Caveat mentioned in discussion about need for further prospective work or trials.
†
Suggestion in discussion that algorithm can now be used clinically.