Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants according to fifth of total soy product intake. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
| Characteristics | Men (n=42 750)* | Women (n=50 165)* | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First (lowest intake) | Second | Third | Fourth | Fifth (highest intake) | First (lowest intake) | Second | Third | Fourth | Fifth (highest intake) | ||
| No of participants | 8550 | 8550 | 8550 | 8550 | 8550 | 10 033 | 10 033 | 10 033 | 10 033 | 10 033 | |
| Mean (SD) age (years) | 55.1 (8.0) | 55.9 (7.8) | 56.2 (7.6) | 56.7 (7.5) | 57.6 (7.5) | 55.8 (8.4) | 56.4 (8.0) | 56.5 (7.8) | 57.0 (7.5) | 58.0 (7.4) | |
| Mean (SD) body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.5 (2.9) | 23.5 (2.8) | 23.6 (2.8) | 23.6 (2.8) | 23.8 (2.9) | 23.2 (3.2) | 23.3 (3.1) | 23.4 (3.1) | 23.5 (3.1) | 23.9 (3.2) | |
| Current smoker | 4220 (52.0) | 4005 (49.2) | 3804 (46.6) | 3687 (45.3) | 3380 (41.8) | 835 (9.0) | 565 (6.0) | 482 (5.1) | 439 (4.6) | 424 (4.5) | |
| Alcohol intake (≥1 day/week) | 5833 (69.0) | 6064 (71.5) | 6002 (70.9) | 5733 (67.6) | 5323 (63.3) | 1732 (17.9) | 1509 (15.5) | 1375 (14.1) | 1116 (11.4) | 917 (9.4) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 504 (5.9) | 564 (6.6) | 573 (6.7) | 599 (7.0) | 755 (8.8) | 330 (3.3) | 322 (3.2) | 312 (3.1) | 363 (3.6) | 471 (4.7) | |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 1320 (15.4) | 1487 (17.4) | 1543 (18.1) | 1635 (19.1) | 1811 (21.2) | 1659 (16.5) | 1871 (18.7) | 1926 (19.2) | 1966 (19.6) | 2329 (23.2) | |
| Health check-up | 6708 (78.5) | 7061 (82.6) | 7132 (83.4) | 7178 (84.0) | 7081 (82.8) | 8063 (80.4) | 8459 (84.3) | 8570 (85.4) | 8677 (86.5) | 8573 (85.5) | |
| Sports or physical exercise (almost every day) | 395 (4.8) | 424 (5.1) | 423 (5.1) | 492 (6.0) | 528 (6.5) | 426 (4.5) | 503 (5.2) | 507 (5.3) | 533 (5.5) | 631 (6.7) | |
| Postmenopausal | - | - | - | - | - | 6503 (69.3) | 7080 (74.3) | 7189 (75.7) | 7500 (78.9) | 7677 (82.6) | |
| Use of exogenous female hormones | - | - | - | - | - | 254 (2.7) | 239 (2.5) | 246 (2.6) | 263 (2.8) | 270 (2.9) | |
| Coffee intake (>once/day) | 3567 (44.3) | 3076 (37.7) | 2650 (32.5) | 2409 (29.5) | 2079 (26.0) | 4719 (50.0) | 3918 (40.7) | 3511 (36.5) | 2989 (31.2) | 2611 (27.8) | |
| Green tea intake (>once/day) | 4010 (49.6) | 4845 (58.7) | 5058 (61.2) | 5028 (60.7) | 4796 (58.0) | 5467 (57.8) | 6210 (64.0) | 6361 (65.7) | 6155 (63.2) | 5512 (57.2) | |
| Median (interquartile range) dietary intake†: | |||||||||||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 2035 (1643-2494) | 2140 (1744-2607) | 2129 (1747-2575) | 2091 (1711-2557) | 1993 (1615-2487) | 1742 (1403-2164) | 1819 (1485-2244) | 1815 (1498-2209) | 1778 (1461-2168) | 1716 (1384-2128) | |
| Fruit (g/day) | 115 (51-201) | 130 (66-219) | 143 (77-231) | 149 (79-237) | 146 (78-239) | 184 (104-294) | 203 (127-310) | 207 (129-309) | 204 (129-304) | 193 (118-291) | |
| Vegetables (g/day) | 129 (81-193) | 157 (107-224) | 172 (119-245) | 177 (120-252) | 194 (128-281) | 163 (110-233) | 190 (136-265) | 206 (148-283) | 212 (152-289) | 220 (151-309) | |
| Fish (g/day) | 71 (47-105) | 78 (53-112) | 81 (56-114) | 82 (56-116) | 79 (53-115) | 70 (46-100) | 78 (53-107) | 80 (56-109) | 80 (56-109) | 75 (50-107) | |
| Meat (g/day) | 59 (37-89) | 57 (36-84) | 55 (35-80) | 52 (33-78) | 49 (29-75) | 53 (33-80) | 51 (33-77) | 49 (31-71) | 47 (29-69) | 43 (25-66) | |
| Total soy products (g/day)‡ | 37 (27-46) | 67 (60-73) | 92 (85-98) | 121 (112-130) | 178 (157-221) | 37 (27-45) | 64 (58-70) | 87 (81-93) | 115 (107-124) | 174 (151-221) | |
| Natto (g/day) | 2.5 (1.1-6.9) | 5.9 (1.5-13.3) | 10.0 (2.5-19.8) | 13.6 (3.9-28.0) | 16.2 (2.8-36.3) | 3.4 (1.3-7.9) | 7.3 (2.0-15.0) | 11.8 (4.0-22.2) | 15.5 (5.3-28.8) | 17.4 (4.1-36.8) | |
| Miso (g/day) | 6.7 (3.1-11.1) | 14.8 (9.6-21.7) | 22.1 (13.5-28.9) | 26.3 (17.6-34.7) | 28.8 (19.0-39.3) | 6.0 (2.7-9.9) | 12.2 (7.7-17.9) | 17.6 (10.7-24.5) | 22.3 (13.4-29.2) | 24.4 (14.7-33.5) | |
| Tofu (g/day) | 17 (10-17) | 26 (17-38) | 32 (21-47) | 44 (28-64) | 80 (48-121) | 18 (11-25) | 28 (19-39) | 35 (24-49) | 48 (32-65) | 83 (52-124) | |
Numbers of missing men and women were, respectively, 942 and 1347 for body mass index, 2112 and 3134 for smoking, 455 and 1396 for alcohol consumption, 1569 and 2280 for physical exercise, 2232 and 2482 for coffee intake, and 1583 and 1947 for green tea intake. 2745 women were missing for use of exogenous female hormones and 2954 for menopausal status.
Food intakes were adjusted for energy intake using the residual method.
Sum of seven soy foods in the questionnaire. Along with total soy products, the table shows the amount of main soy products. The amount of miso was calculated from the amount of miso soup. Total tofu intake was calculated as the sum of the amount of tofu, tofu in miso soup, and other tofu products.