Table 4.
Multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of major causes of death and numbers of deaths according to fifths of soy product intake in Japanese men. Row numbers are deaths
| Causes of death, by soy product | Men (n=42 750)* | Ptrend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First (lowest intake) | Second | Third | Fourth | Fifth (highest intake) | |||
| Cancer | |||||||
| Total soy products | 582 | 616 | 652 | 693 | 777 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.97 (0.86 to 1.08) | 1.00 (0.89 to 1.12) | 1.01 (0.90 to 1.13) | 1.09 (0.96 to 1.22) | 0.10 | |
| Fermented soy products | 647 | 593 | 624 | 731 | 725 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.91 (0.81 to 1.02) | 0.92 (0.82 to 1.03) | 1.04 (0.93 to 1.17) | 0.97 (0.85 to 1.09) | 0.66 | |
| Non-fermented soy | 616 | 622 | 652 | 721 | 709 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.00 (0.90 to 1.13) | 1.04 (0.93 to 1.17) | 1.10 (0.98 to 1.23) | 1.06 (0.94 to 1.19) | 0.12 | |
| Natto | 601 | 619 | 656 | 667 | 777 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.01 (0.90 to 1.13) | 0.97 (0.86 to 1.10) | 1.00 (0.89 to 1.13) | 0.98 (0.87 to 1.11) | 0.74 | |
| Miso | 601 | 619 | 656 | 667 | 777 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.95 (0.85 to 1.07) | 0.97 (0.86 to 1.08) | 0.95 (0.84 to 1.06) | 1.02 (0.91 to 1.16) | 0.74 | |
| Tofu | 618 | 629 | 655 | 680 | 738 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.01 (0.90 to 1.13) | 1.04 (0.93 to 1.17) | 1.03 (0.92 to 1.16) | 1.09 (0.97 to 1.22) | 0.13 | |
| Total cardiovascular disease | |||||||
| Total soy products | 345 | 397 | 398 | 397 | 463 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.03 (0.89 to 1.20) | 0.97 (0.84 to 1.13) | 0.89 (0.77 to 1.04) | 0.95 (0.82 to 1.11) | 0.18 | |
| Fermented soy products | 363 | 369 | 424 | 436 | 408 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.98 (0.84 to 1.14) | 1.04 (0.90 to 1.21) | 1.00 (0.85 to 1.17) | 0.82 (0.70 to 0.97) | 0.04 | |
| Non-fermented soy | 419 | 348 | 386 | 396 | 451 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.85 (0.74 to 0.98) | 0.91 (0.79 to 1.04) | 0.87 (0.75 to 1.00) | 0.95 (0.82 to 1.09) | 0.63 | |
| Natto | 691 | 306 | 317 | 342 | 344 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.86 (0.74 to 1.00) | 0.86 (0.73 to 1.00) | 0.85 (0.73 to 0.99) | 0.76 (0.65 to 0.90) | 0.002 | |
| Miso | 345 | 365 | 380 | 437 | 473 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.96 (0.84 to 1.13) | 0.95 (0.81 to 1.10) | 1.04 (0.90 to 1.21) | 0.95 (0.82 to 1.10) | 0.84 | |
| Tofu | 425 | 348 | 381 | 406 | 440 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.83 (0.72 to 0.96) | 0.89 (0.77 to 1.02) | 0.87 (0.75 to 1.00) | 0.90 (0.78 to 1.04) | 0.30 | |
| Heart disease | |||||||
| Total soy products | 189 | 229 | 209 | 202 | 239 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.08 (0.88 to 1.31) | 0.90 (0.74 to 1.11) | 0.79 (0.64 to 0.98) | 0.82 (0.67 to 1.02) | 0.004 | |
| Fermented soy products | 201 | 203 | 221 | 233 | 210 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.98 (0.81 to 1.20) | 0.99 (0.81 to 1.22) | 0.97 (0.78 to 1.19) | 0.77 (0.62 to 0.97) | 0.03 | |
| Non-fermented soy | 228 | 189 | 214 | 202 | 235 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.83 (0.68 to 1.00) | 0.88 (0.72 to 1.07) | 0.75 (0.62 to 0.92) | 0.41 (0.67 to 0.99) | 0.03 | |
| Natto | 376 | 170 | 160 | 194 | 168 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.90 (0.74 to 1.10) | 0.82 (0.66 to 1.02) | 0.92 (0.75 to 1.14) | 0.71 (0.57 to 0.88) | 0.01 | |
| Miso | 194 | 174 | 212 | 247 | 241 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.84 (0.68 to 1.03) | 0.97 (0.79 to 1.18) | 1.06 (0.87 to 1.30) | 0.86 (0.70 to 1.06) | 0.74 | |
| Tofu | 234 | 191 | 204 | 214 | 225 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.81 (0.66 to 0.98) | 0.82 (0.67 to 0.99) | 0.77 (0.63 to 0.94) | 0.74 (0.61 to 0.90) | 0.005 | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | |||||||
| Total soy products | 128 | 144 | 155 | 170 | 183 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.02 (0.80 to 1.30) | 1.04 (0.82 to 1.33) | 1.06 (0.83 to 1.36) | 1.08 (0.85 to 1.39) | 0.46 | |
| Fermented soy | 126 | 147 | 169 | 175 | 163 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.10 (0.86 to 1.40) | 1.16 (0.91 to 1.49) | 1.12 (0.87 to 1.44) | 0.91 (0.70 to 1.20) | 0.46 | |
| Non-fermented soy | 167 | 131 | 144 | 157 | 181 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.83 (0.66 to 1.05) | 0.89 (0.71 to 1.12) | 0.94 (0.74 to 1.18) | 1.07 (0.86 to 1.34) | 0.31 | |
| Natto | 259 | 117 | 130 | 126 | 148 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.84 (0.66 to 1.07) | 0.89 (0.69 to 1.13) | 0.78 (0.61 to 1.01) | 0.83 (0.65 to 1.07) | 0.14 | |
| Miso | 125 | 160 | 143 | 157 | 195 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.15 (0.90 to 1.45) | 0.94 (0.73 to 1.20) | 0.99 (0.78 to 1.27) | 1.04 (0.82 to 1.33) | 0.83 | |
| Tofu | 165 | 127 | 148 | 158 | 182 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.81 (0.64 to 1.03) | 0.94 (0.74 to 1.18) | 0.95 (0.75 to 1.19) | 1.08 (0.86 to 1.36) | 0.24 | |
| Respiratory disease | |||||||
| Total soy products | 99 | 102 | 110 | 123 | 184 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.97 (0.73 to 1.28) | 1.01 (0.76 to 1.35) | 1.03 (0.78 to 1.37) | 1.36 (1.03 to 1.78) | 0.01 | |
| Fermented soy products | 141 | 94 | 102 | 125 | 156 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.72 (0.55 to 0.95) | 0.79 (0.60 to 1.03) | 0.88 (0.67 to 1.15) | 0.97 (0.73 to 1.28) | 0.74 | |
| Non-fermented soy | 106 | 96 | 115 | 134 | 167 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.96 (0.73 to 1.27) | 1.10 (0.84 to 1.44) | 1.17 (0.89 to 1.53) | 1.31 (1.00 to 1.70) | 0.02 | |
| Natto | 247 | 79 | 75 | 91 | 126 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.82 (0.62 to 1.07) | 0.82 (0.61 to 1.10) | 0.88 (0.66 to 1.18) | 0.96 (0.73 to 1.27) | 0.90 | |
| Miso | 114 | 113 | 109 | 114 | 168 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.92 (0.70 to 1.19) | 0.88 (0.67 to 1.15) | 0.90 (0.68 to 1.19) | 1.07 (0.82 to 1.40) | 0.55 | |
| Tofu | 110 | 105 | 109 | 138 | 156 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.00 (0.76 to 1.31) | 0.99 (0.75 to 1.30) | 1.13 (0.87 to 1.47) | 1.13 (0.87 to 1.47) | 0.23 | |
| Injury | |||||||
| Total soy products | 137 | 123 | 144 | 131 | 149 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.82 (0.64 to 1.05) | 0.91 (0.71 to 1.16) | 0.77 (0.59 to 0.99) | 0.85 (0.66 to 1.10) | 0.22 | |
| Fermented soy products | 124 | 125 | 138 | 149 | 148 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.91 (0.71 to 1.18) | 0.91 (0.70 to 1.18) | 0.91 (0.70 to 1.19) | 0.86 (0.65 to 1.13) | 0.36 | |
| Non-fermented soy | 149 | 141 | 134 | 115 | 145 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.01 (0.80 to 1.28) | 0.97 (0.76 to 1.23) | 0.81 (0.63 to 1.04) | 1.01 (0.79 to 1.29) | 0.50 | |
| Natto | 186 | 124 | 136 | 121 | 117 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.10 (0.86 to 1.41) | 1.17 (0.90 to 1.52) | 0.99 (0.75 to 1.30) | 0.96 (0.72 to 1.27) | 0.53 | |
| Miso | 129 | 111 | 128 | 136 | 180 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.81 (0.62 to 1.04) | 0.82 (0.63 to 1.05) | 0.84 (0.65 to 1.08) | 1.00 (0.78 to 1.28) | 0.76 | |
| Tofu | 147 | 145 | 127 | 124 | 141 | ||
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.05 (0.83 to 1.33) | 0.93 (0.73 to 1.19) | 0.89 (0.69 to 1.14) | 1.00 (0.78 to 1.28) | 0.57 | |
Model 2 is adjusted for age, area, smoking, frequency of alcohol intake, body mass index, sports or physical exercise, history of diabetes or taking drugs for diabetes, taking antihypertensives, health check-up, total energy intake, and intake of green tea, coffee, fish, meat, fruit, and vegetables.
*
Except for natto intake, the first to fifth categories comprised 8550 men. The first category of natto intake included participants who did not eat natto (n=12450). The remaining participants were divided into quarters and are shown in the second to fifth categories (7575 in men).