Table 5.
Multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of major causes of death and numbers of deaths according to fifths of soy product intake in Japanese women. Row numbers are deaths
| Causes of death, by soy product | Women (n=50 165)* | Ptrend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First (lowest intake) | Second | Third | Fourth | Fifth (highest intake) | ||
| Cancer | ||||||
| Total soy products | 326 | 364 | 366 | 359 | 402 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.08 (0.92 to 1.25) | 1.05 (0.90 to 1.22) | 0.99 (0.85 to 1.16) | 1.03 (0.88 to 1.21) | 0.88 |
| Fermented soy products | 356 | 367 | 343 | 365 | 386 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.02 (0.88 to 1.18) | 0.93 (0.79 to 1.09) | 0.95 (0.80 to 1.11) | 0.94 (0.79 to 1.11) | 0.30 |
| Non-fermented soy | 352 | 357 | 347 | 355 | 406 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.03 (0.89 to 1.20) | 0.98 (0.84 to 1.13) | 1.00 (0.85 to 1.15) | 1.07 (0.91 to 1.24) | 0.61 |
| Natto | 527 | 290 | 311 | 336 | 353 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.84 (0.72 to 0.98) | 0.89 (0.76 to 1.05) | 0.90 (0.76 to 1.05) | 0.88 (0.75 to 1.04) | 0.28 |
| Miso | 346 | 336 | 389 | 372 | 374 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.92 (0.79 to 1.07) | 1.01 (0.87 to 1.17) | 0.95 (0.81 to 1.11) | 0.88 (0.75 to 1.03) | 0.23 |
| Tofu | 357 | 358 | 366 | 340 | 396 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.03 (0.88 to 1.19) | 1.02 (0.88 to 1.18) | 0.94 (0.81 to 1.10) | 1.03 (0.88 to 1.20) | 0.87 |
| Total cardiovascular disease | ||||||
| Total soy products | 241 | 253 | 220 | 288 | 324 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.04 (0.87 to 1.24) | 0.86 (0.71 to 1.04) | 1.06 (0.89 to 1.27) | 1.03 (0.86 to 1.23) | 0.64 |
| Fermented soy products | 268 | 251 | 232 | 273 | 302 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.95 (0.80 to 1.13) | 0.84 (0.70 to 1.01) | 0.92 (0.76 to 1.11) | 0.89 (0.73 to 1.07) | 0.25 |
| Non-fermented soy | 280 | 251 | 204 | 265 | 326 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.00 (0.84 to 1.19) | 0.77 (0.64 to 0.93) | 1.01 (0.85 to 1.21) | 1.09 (0.92 to 1.29) | 0.34 |
| Natto | 446 | 189 | 224 | 209 | 258 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.76 (0.64 to 0.92) | 0.87 (0.72 to 1.04) | 0.72 (0.60 to 0.88) | 0.79 (0.65 to 0.95) | 0.01 |
| Miso | 258 | 228 | 242 | 261 | 337 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.84 (0.70 to 1.01) | 0.80 (0.67 to 0.96) | 0.89 (0.74 to 1.07) | 0.94 (0.79 to 1.13) | 0.86 |
| Tofu | 49 | 70 | 58 | |||
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.94 (0.80 to 1.12) | 0.80 (0.67 to 0.95) | 0.89 (0.75 to 1.06) | 0.98 (0.82 to 1.16) | 0.64 |
| Heart disease | ||||||
| Total soy products | 124 | 126 | 99 | 142 | 172 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.03 (0.80 to 1.33) | 0.81 (0.62 to 1.06) | 1.11 (0.86 to 1.43) | 1.13 (0.88 to 1.46) | 0.24 |
| Fermented soy products | 146 | 121 | 115 | 136 | 145 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.88 (0.69 to 1.13) | 0.86 (0.66 to 1.11) | 0.98 (0.76 to 1.27) | 0.94 (0.72 to 1.22) | 0.93 |
| Non-fermented soy | 141 | 120 | 90 | 143 | 169 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.97 (0.76 to 1.24) | 0.69 (0.53 to 0.90) | 1.10 (0.86 to 1.40) | 1.09 (0.86 to 1.39) | 0.27 |
| Natto | 246 | 99 | 107 | 91 | 120 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.84 (0.66 to 1.08) | 0.93 (0.72 to 1.20) | 0.71 (0.54 to 0.94) | 0.81 (0.62 to 1.06) | 0.07 |
| Miso | 125 | 116 | 121 | 137 | 164 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.89 (0.69 to 1.15) | 0.85 (0.66 to 1.10) | 1.05 (0.82 to 1.36) | 1.03 (0.80 to 1.32) | 0.46 |
| Tofu | 146 | 120 | 104 | 129 | 164 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.94 (0.74 to 1.20) | 0.77 (0.60 to 1.00) | 0.97 (0.75 to 1.24) | 1.05 (0.83 to 1.34) | 0.62 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | ||||||
| Total soy products | 96 | 108 | 102 | 116 | 124 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.08 (0.81 to 1.42) | 0.93 (0.70 to 1.24) | 0.98 (0.73 to 1.30) | 0.91 (0.68 to 1.21) | 0.37 |
| Fermented soy | 97 | 113 | 100 | 112 | 124 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.10 (0.84 to 1.46) | 0.86 (0.64 to 1.15) | 0.84 (0.62 to 1.13) | 0.78 (0.57 to 1.05) | 0.03 |
| Non-fermented soy | 115 | 107 | 93 | 104 | 127 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.04 (0.80 to 1.36) | 0.87 (0.66 to 1.15) | 0.99 (0.75 to 1.30) | 1.09 (0.83 to 1.43) | 0.67 |
| Natto | 164 | 75 | 103 | 98 | 106 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.68 (0.50 to 0.91) | 0.83 (0.63 to 1.11) | 0.69 (0.52 to 0.93) | 0.67 (0.50 to 0.89) | 0.02 |
| Miso | 107 | 88 | 104 | 103 | 144 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.78 (0.59 to 1.04) | 0.80 (0.61 to 1.05) | 0.77 (0.58 to 1.02) | 0.88 (0.67 to 1.15) | 0.46 |
| Tofu | 125 | 110 | 93 | 100 | 118 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.98 (0.76 to 1.27) | 0.80 (0.61 to 1.06) | 0.88 (0.67 to 1.15) | 0.93 (0.71 to 1.22) | 0.43 |
| Respiratory disease | ||||||
| Total soy products | 59 | 65 | 55 | 44 | 74 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.11 (0.77 to 1.58) | 0.91 (0.62 to 1.33) | 0.67 (0.45 to 1.01) | 0.89 (0.61 to 1.29) | 0.13 |
| Fermented soy products | 67 | 60 | 57 | 53 | 60 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.88 (0.62 to 1.25) | 0.88 (0.61 to 1.26) | 0.70 (0.47 to 1.04) | 0.77 (0.52 to 1.15) | 0.06 |
| Non-fermented soy | 70 | 53 | 46 | 63 | 65 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.89 (0.62 to 1.27) | 0.72 (0.49 to 1.05) | 0.96 (0.67 to 1.37) | 0.78 (0.54 to 1.13) | 0.32 |
| Natto | 129 | 38 | 49 | 34 | 47 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.64 (0.43 to 0.95) | 0.83 (0.57 to 1.22) | 0.50 (0.32 to 0.77) | 0.62 (0.41 to 0.92) | 0.009 |
| Miso | 54 | 60 | 55 | 52 | 76 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.12 (0.77 to 1.63) | 0.89 (0.61 to 1.31) | 0.91 (0.61 to 1.36) | 0.96 (0.66 to 1.40) | 0.55 |
| Tofu | 69 | 51 | 49 | 70 | 58 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.86 (0.60 to 1.25) | 0.79 (0.54 to 1.15) | 1.10 (0.78 to 1.56) | 0.74 (0.50 to 1.08) | 0.40 |
| Injury | ||||||
| Total soy products | 50 | 53 | 66 | 69 | 83 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.07 (0.72 to 1.59) | 1.30 (0.89 to 1.90) | 1.30 (0.88 to 1.92) | 1.49 (1.01 to 2.19) | 0.03 |
| Fermented soy products | 54 | 46 | 64 | 77 | 80 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.89 (0.60 to 1.33) | 1.16 (0.78 to 1.71) | 1.29 (0.87 to 1.90) | 1.23 (0.82 to 1.85) | 0.11 |
| Non-fermented soy | 69 | 51 | 63 | 70 | 68 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.81 (0.56 to 1.18) | 0.99 (0.69 to 1.40) | 1.10 (0.79 to 1.56) | 1.06 (0.74 to 1.52) | 0.34 |
| Natto | 88 | 46 | 47 | 62 | 78 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.67 (0.46 to 0.99) | 0.64 (0.43 to 0.95) | 0.77 (0.53 to 1.13) | 0.97 (0.67 to 1.41) | 0.68 |
| Miso | 59 | 53 | 54 | 75 | 80 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.88 (0.61 to 1.28) | 0.82 (0.56 to 1.20) | 1.10 (0.76 to 1.58) | 1.02 (0.71 to 1.48) | 0.54 |
| Tofu | 68 | 50 | 67 | 69 | 67 | |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.81 (0.56 to 1.17) | 1.09 (0.77 to 1.54) | 1.11 (0.78 to 1.58) | 1.06 (0.74 to 1.52) | 0.33 |
Model 2 is adjusted for age, area, smoking, frequency of alcohol intake, body mass index, sports or physical exercise, history of diabetes or taking drugs for diabetes, taking antihypertensives, health check-up, total energy intake, intake of green tea, coffee, fish, meat, fruit, and vegetables.
*
Except for natto intake, the first to fifth categories comprised 10 330 women. The first category of natto intake included participants who did not eat natto (n=12 227). The remaining participants were divided into quarters and are shown in the second to fifth categories (9484, 9485, 9484, and 9485, respectively).