Table 1.
Categorization scheme of health themes
| Theme | Definition |
|---|---|
| Benefit theme | |
| Phototherapy | Mentions any dermatologic skin disease that is treated with artificial ultraviolet |
| Photoprotection | Mentions how increased artificial ultraviolet tanning leads to epidermal changes or increased melanin that may give greater protection against ultraviolet |
| Source of vitamin D/bone health | Mentions that artificial ultraviolet leads to increased vitamin D and/or greater bone health |
| Physical attractiveness/cosmetic reasons | Mentions that artificial ultraviolet tanning improves appearance |
| Cancer prevention | Mentions that vitamin D has been associated with prevention of non-cutaneous cancer |
| Mood effects | Mentions that artificial ultraviolet tanning will lead to greater relaxation, stress reduction, or improved mood or self-esteem |
| Pain relief | Mentions that artificial ultraviolet tanning is able to alleviate pain |
| Lowers blood pressure | Mentions that artificial ultraviolet tanning helps to lower blood pressure |
| Endorphin generation | Mentions that endorphins are generated by use of artificial ultraviolet tanning |
| Risk theme | |
| Development of skin cancer | Mentions that artificial ultraviolet leads to development of skin cancer (NMSC or melanoma) |
| Accelerated aging | Mentions that artificial ultraviolet leads to increased skin wrinkles, leathery skin, age spots, or any other markers of aging skin |
| Addictive potential | Mentions use of artificial ultraviolet tanning being linked to behavior that may be addictive |
| Ocular damage | Mentions any type of harm to the eye due to artificial ultraviolet tanning (cataracts, melanoma) |
| DNA damage | Mentions artificial ultraviolet tanning causing damage to or molecular change in DNA |
| Other skin disease (SLE, pruritus, dryness, photodrug reaction) | Mentions artificial ultraviolet tanning causing skin reaction (allergic rash, pruritus (itching), dryness, or lupus-like rash) |
| Immunosuppression | Mentions how artificial ultraviolet can cause suppression of immune system |
| Hypervitaminosis D | Mentions how artificial ultraviolet can increase vitamin D concentrations above upper limit of normal |
| Cutaneous burn/erythema | Mentions artificial ultraviolet causing sunburns or increased erythema of skin causing pain |
NMSC=non-melanoma skin cancer; SLE=systemic lupus erythematosus.