Table 2.

Adjusted odds ratios for association between significant independent predictors and antibiotic prescription without documented indication

Predictors	Adjusted odds ratio* (95% CI)
Age and sex:
Males: ≥18 v <18	2.3 (1.02 to 5.3)
Females: ≥18 v <18	1.1 (0.6 to 2.2)
Chronic disease	1.4 (0.95 to 2.2)
Specialty:
Primary care	Reference
All other specialties	2.1 (1.2 to 3.7)
Common prescribers†	1.9 (1.1 to 3.3)
Longer visit: ≥17 min v <17 min	1.6 (1.1 to 2.5)
Culture taken	0.2 (0.1 to 0.4)
Antibiotic class:
Penicillins	Reference
Cephalosporins	1.6 (0.96 to 2.7)
Macrolides	0.9 (0.4 to 2.1)
Miscellaneous	1.6 (0.8 to 3.2)
Other‡	1.3 (0.7 to 2.5)
Quinolones	1.5 (0.8 to 2.7)
Sulfonamides	4.9 (1.5 to 15.7)
Tetracyclines	1.3 (0.6 to 2.7)
Urinary anti-infectives	3.1 (1.3 to 7.6)

^*Adjusted for age, sex, geographic region, and pre-surgery visit.

^†Includes specialists in gynecology, urology, dermatology, and otolaryngology.

^‡Includes carbapenems, leprostatics, aminoglycosides, lincomycin derivatives, glycylcyclines, and glycopeptide antibiotics.