Fig 2.

Association of baseline biomedical characteristics with cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in UK Biobank and Health Survey for England/Scottish Health Surveys (HSE-SHS) cohort studies. Hazard ratios are adjusted for age and sex. Squares indicate hazard ratios and error bars denote 95% CI for relation of each characteristic with risk of death outcome. Ratio of hazard ratios (RHR) summarises between study differences (HSE-SHS is reference group) for effect estimates for each outcome. Distributions of glycated haemoglobin (HbA_1c), C reactive protein, and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were skewed, so they were log₂ transformed and effect estimates reflect doubling for each biomarker. Elevated waist:hip ratio was denoted by ≥0.90 for men and ≥0.85 for women; obesity was indicated by body mass index ≥30. FEV₁=forced expiratory volume in one second