Table 3.
Different types of parental mental illness and child’s risk of any injury (n=1 542 000). Values are rate ratios (95% confidence intervals)
| Period 1: 0-1 years | Period 2: 2-5 years | Period 3: 6-9 years | Period 4: 10-12 years | Period 5: 13-17 years | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Adjusted* | Crude | Adjusted* | Crude | Adjusted* | Crude | Adjusted* | Crude | Adjusted* | |||||
| Parental mental illness† | ||||||||||||||
| Any mental illness | 1.70 (1.66 to 1.73) | 1.30 (1.26 to 1.33) | 1.29 (1.27 to 1.31) | 1.16 (1.14 to 1.18) | 1.15 (1.13 to 1.17) | 1.11 (1.09 to 1.13) | 1.11 (1.10 to 1.13) | 1.10 (1.08 to 1.12) | 1.07 (1.05 to 1.09) | 1.06 (1.04 to 1.08) | ||||
| Non-affective psychotic disorders | 1.20 (1.07 to 1.34) | 1.06 (0.91 to 1.24) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.09) | 0.98 (0.90 to 1.08) | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.08) | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.11) | 0.93 (0.86 to 1.00) | 0.94 (0.86 to 1.04) | 0.87 (0.80 to 0.94) | 0.91 (0.84 to 1.00) | ||||
| Affective psychotic disorders | 1.51 (1.39 to 1.64) | 1.19 (1.06 to 1.34) | 1.26 (1.21 to 1.32) | 1.13 (1.07 to 1.19) | 1.13 (1.08 to 1.17) | 1.04 (0.99 to 1.09) | 1.10 (1.05 to 1.15) | 1.05 (1.00 to 1.11) | 0.97 (0.92 to 1.01) | 0.96 (0.91 to 1.01) | ||||
| Alcohol or drug misuse | 1.52 (1.44 to 1.61) | 1.21 (1.12 to 1.31) | 1.21 (1.17 to 1.25) | 1.10 (1.05 to 1.15) | 1.13 (1.10 to 1.17) | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.07) | 1.10 (1.06 to 1.14) | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.08) | 1.10 (1.06 to 1.14) | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.07) | ||||
| Mood disorders | 1.81 (1.75 to 1.87) | 1.35 (1.29 to 1.41) | 1.29 (1.27 to 1.32) | 1.15 (1.12 to 1.18) | 1.15 (1.13 to 1.18) | 1.11 (1.08 to 1.14) | 1.13 (1.10 to 1.15) | 1.11 (1.08 to 1.14) | 1.05 (1.03 to 1.08) | 1.04 (1.01 to 1.07) | ||||
| Anxiety or stress related | 1.77 (1.73 to 1.82) | 1.31 (1.26 to 1.35) | 1.33 (1.31 to 1.35) | 1.18 (1.15 to 1.20) | 1.17 (1.15 to 1.18) | 1.12 (1.10 to 1.14) | 1.14 (1.11 to 1.16) | 1.13 (1.10 to 1.15) | 1.10 (1.08 to 1.12) | 1.09 (1.06 to 1.11) | ||||
| Eating disorders | 1.83 (1.67 to 2.01) | 1.34 (1.18 to 1.52) | 1.36 (1.26 to 1.47) | 1.23 (1.11 to 1.35) | 1.22 (1.12 to 1.31) | 1.12 (1.02 to 1.23) | 1.19 (1.09 to 1.31) | 1.03 (0.92 to 1.15) | 1.16 (1.04 to 1.29) | 1.04 (0.91 to 1.18) | ||||
| Personality disorders | 1.72 (1.61 to 1.84) | 1.35 (1.22 to 1.49) | 1.36 (1.30 to 1.42) | 1.24 (1.17 to 1.32) | 1.20 (1.15 to 1.25) | 1.08 (1.02 to 1.15) | 1.14 (1.09 to 1.20) | 1.06 (1.00 to 1.13) | 1.10 (1.04 to 1.15) | 1.00 (0.94 to 1.07) | ||||
| Maternal mental illness‡ | ||||||||||||||
| Any mental illness | 1.74 (1.70 to 1.79) | 1.31 (1.26 to 1.35) | 1.31 (1.29 to 1.33) | 1.18 (1.15 to 1.20) | 1.17 (1.15 to 1.18) | 1.12 (1.09 to 1.14) | 1.11 (1.08 to 1.13) | 1.08 (1.06 to 1.11) | 1.08 (1.06 to 1.10) | 1.06 (1.03 to 1.09) | ||||
| Non-affective psychotic disorders | 1.13 (0.96 to 1.32) | 0.87 (0.69 to 1.11) | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.13) | 1.03 (0.91 to 1.17) | 1.01 (0.92 to 1.10) | 1.04 (0.92 to 1.17) | 0.88 (0.79 to 0.98) | 0.89 (0.78 to 1.02) | 0.86 (0.77 to 0.96) | 0.94 (0.83 to 1.07) | ||||
| Affective psychotic disorders | 1.60 (1.45 to 1.77) | 1.18 (1.02 to 1.37) | 1.27 (1.21 to 1.35) | 1.13 (1.05 to 1.21) | 1.17 (1.11 to 1.23) | 1.09 (1.02 to 1.16) | 1.08 (1.03 to 1.14) | 1.03 (0.96 to 1.10) | 0.95 (0.90 to 1.01) | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.01) | ||||
| Alcohol or drug misuse | 1.69 (1.55 to 1.85) | 1.31 (1.13 to 1.52) | 1.20 (1.13 to 1.27) | 1.05 (0.96 to 1.14) | 1.10 (1.04 to 1.17) | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.03) | 1.03 (0.97 to 1.10) | 0.99 (0.91 to 1.07) | 1.09 (1.02 to 1.15) | 0.99 (0.92 to 1.07) | ||||
| Mood disorders | 1.83 (1.77 to 1.90) | 1.35 (1.28 to 1.41) | 1.31 (1.28 to 1.34) | 1.16 (1.12 to 1.19) | 1.17 (1.14 to 1.19) | 1.11 (1.08 to 1.15) | 1.11 (1.08 to 1.14) | 1.08 (1.05 to 1.12) | 1.05 (1.03 to 1.08) | 1.03 (1.00 to 1.07) | ||||
| Anxiety or stress related | 1.81 (1.75 to 1.86) | 1.32 (1.27 to 1.38) | 1.34 (1.31 to 1.36) | 1.18 (1.16 to 1.21) | 1.17 (1.15 to 1.20) | 1.12 (1.10 to 1.15) | 1.13 (1.10 to 1.15) | 1.10 (1.07 to 1.13) | 1.10 (1.08 to 1.13) | 1.08 (1.05 to 1.11) | ||||
| Eating disorders | 1.82 (1.65 to 2.00) | 1.31 (1.16 to 1.49) | 1.36 (1.26 to 1.47) | 1.24 (1.12 to 1.37) | 1.22 (1.13 to 1.32) | 1.13 (1.03 to 1.25) | 1.19 (1.08 to 1.30) | 1.02 (0.91 to 1.14) | 1.14 (1.03 to 1.27) | 1.01 (0.89 to 1.16) | ||||
| Personality disorders | 1.77 (1.63 to 1.93) | 1.35 (1.20 to 1.52) | 1.39 (1.32 to 1.46) | 1.27 (1.17 to 1.37) | 1.20 (1.14 to 1.27) | 1.06 (0.98 to 1.15) | 1.13 (1.06 to 1.20) | 1.04 (0.97 to 1.13) | 1.09 (1.02 to 1.16) | 1.00 (0.92 to 1.08) | ||||
| Paternal mental illness§ | ||||||||||||||
| Any mental illness | 1.61 (1.56 to 1.67) | 1.27 (1.21 to 1.33) | 1.25 (1.22 to 1.27) | 1.14 (1.11 to 1.17) | 1.12 (1.10 to 1.15) | 1.10 (1.07 to 1.12) | 1.11 (1.09 to 1.14) | 1.11 (1.08 to 1.14) | 1.05 (1.03 to 1.08) | 1.06 (1.03 to 1.09) | ||||
| Non-affective psychotic disorders | 1.29 (1.09 to 1.51) | 1.24 (1.01 to 1.53) | 1.02 (0.93 to 1.12) | 0.94 (0.83 to 1.07) | 1.02 (0.92 to 1.12) | 1.00 (0.89 to 1.12) | 0.98 (0.88 to 1.09) | 1.00 (0.88 to 1.13) | 0.87 (0.79 to 0.97) | 0.89 (0.79 to 1.01) | ||||
| Affective psychotic disorders | 1.39 (1.22 to 1.59) | 1.20 (1.01 to 1.43) | 1.25 (1.16 to 1.34) | 1.13 (1.03 to 1.24) | 1.04 (0.97 to 1.12) | 0.96 (0.88 to 1.04) | 1.12 (1.04 to 1.20) | 1.08 (0.99 to 1.17) | 0.98 (0.91 to 1.06) | 0.98 (0.90 to 1.06) | ||||
| Alcohol or drug misuse | 1.46 (1.38 to 1.56) | 1.20 (1.09 to 1.31) | 1.22 (1.17 to 1.26) | 1.11 (1.05 to 1.17) | 1.15 (1.10 to 1.19) | 1.06 (1.01 to 1.12) | 1.12 (1.07 to 1.16) | 1.06 (1.00 to 1.11) | 1.09 (1.04 to 1.13) | 1.04 (0.98 to 1.09) | ||||
| Mood disorders | 1.74 (1.65 to 1.84) | 1.33 (1.24 to 1.42) | 1.25 (1.22 to 1.29) | 1.14 (1.09 to 1.18) | 1.13 (1.10 to 1.17) | 1.11 (1.07 to 1.15) | 1.14 (1.10 to 1.18) | 1.14 (1.09 to 1.18) | 1.04 (1.00 to 1.08) | 1.06 (1.01 to 1.10) | ||||
| Anxiety or stress related | 1.69 (1.62 to 1.77) | 1.25 (1.18 to 1.33) | 1.30 (1.27 to 1.33) | 1.16 (1.12 to 1.20) | 1.14 (1.11 to 1.17) | 1.11 (1.08 to 1.14) | 1.14 (1.11 to 1.18) | 1.16 (1.12 to 1.20) | 1.08 (1.05 to 1.11) | 1.09 (1.06 to 1.13) | ||||
| Personality disorders | 1.59 (1.42 to 1.78) | 1.31 (1.12 to 1.54) | 1.30 (1.21 to 1.39) | 1.20 (1.09 to 1.31) | 1.21 (1.13 to 1.29) | 1.11 (1.02 to 1.21) | 1.14 (1.06 to 1.23) | 1.09 (0.99 to 1.19) | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.19) | 1.01 (0.92 to 1.12) | ||||
*
Adjusted for sex, birth year, number of siblings (square terms), parental country of birth (missing excluded), maternal age at birth (square terms), paternal age at birth (square terms), living arrangements, parental education, parental employment status, household income.
†
Period 1, n=1 351 683; period 2, n=1 458 868; period 3, n=1 371 158; period 4, n=973 174; period 5, n=700 454.
‡
Period 1, n=1 350 054; period 2, n=1 456 895; period 3, n=1 368 854; period 4, n=970 751; period 5, n=697 550.
§
Period 1, n=1 333 264; period 2, n=1 440 026; period 3, n=1 353 299; period 4, n=956 468; period 5, n=682 002.