Table 2.
Host lectin | Implicated in infection with/spread or persistence of … |
Membrane-associated lectin | |
Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) | Ebola virus,1–3 Hepatitis A virus,4 Hepatitis B virus,5–10 Marburg virus,2,11 Sendai virus12–14 |
Blood dendritic cell antigen-2 (BDCA-2) | Hepatitis C virus,15 Human immunodeficiency virus16,17 |
Dendritic cell immunoreceptor (DCIR) | Hepatitis C virus,15 Human immunodeficiency virus18–20 |
Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3- grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) | Aura virus,21 Dengue virus,22–34 Ebola virus,1–3,35–41 Feline coronavirus,42,43 Feline immunodeficiency virus,44 Hepatitis C virus,41,45–53 Herpes simplex virus,54 Human coronavirus NL-63,55 Human cytomegalovirus,56–59 Human herpes virus 8/Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus,60–62 Human immunodeficiency virusdimt, Human T-cell lymphotropic virus,63–65 Influenza A virus,66–68 Junin virus,69 La Crosse virus,70 Lassa virus,71 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus,72 Marburg virus,2,41,73 Measles virus,74–79 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,80 Punta Toro virus,81 Respiratory syncytial virus,82 Rift Valley fever virus,70,81 Semliki Forest virus,83 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus,2,41,55,84–87 Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus,70 Simian immunodeficiency virus,1,40,88–99 Sindbis virus,21,100 Toscana virus,81 Uukuniemi virus,81 West Nile virus32,33,101 |
Liver/lymph node-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3- grabbing nonintegrin (L-SIGN; DC-SIGN-related protein; DC-SIGNR) | Aura virus,21 Dengue virus,28–30,32,33 Ebola virus,1,2,35,37–41 Hepatitis C virus,45–52,102,103 Human coronavirus NL-63,55 Human coronavirus 229E,104 Human cytomegalovirus,56 Human immunodeficiency virus,1,88,99,105–108 Influenza A virus,66 Junin virus,69 Marburg virus,2,41 Respiratory syncytial virus,82 Semliki Forest virus,83 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus,2,41,55,86,109,110 Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus,70 Simian immunodeficiency virus,88,90,99 Sindbis virus,21,100 West Nile virus32,33 |
Liver/lymph node sinusoidal endothelial cell C-type lectin (LSECtin) | Ebola virus,3,41,111,112 Lassa virus,71 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus,72 Marburg virus,41,112 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus41 |
Macrophage Gal/GalNAc-specific C-type lectin (MGL) | Ebola virus,113,114 Influenza A virus,115 Marburg virus73,113 |
Mannose receptor (MR) | Dengue virus,34 Human immunodeficiency virus,116–123 Influenza A virus,115,124 Visna/Maedi virus125 |
Paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor alpha (PILR-α) | Herpes simplex virus,126–132 Pseudorabies virus129 |
Siglec-1 (Sialoadhesin) | Human immunodeficiency virus,133–135 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus136–139 |
Siglec-4 (Myelin-associated glycoprotein; MAG) | Herpes simplex virus,140 Varicella-zoster virus140 |
Soluble lectin | |
Galectin-1 (Gal-1) | Human immunodeficiency virusdimt, Human T-cell lymphotropic virus141 |
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) | Ebola virus,36,142–144 Hendra virus,142,144 Nipah virus,142,144 West Nile virus144–146 |
Surfactant protein A (SP-A) | Human immunodeficiency virus,147 Respiratory syncytial virus148–152 |
Surfactant protein D (SP-D) | Human immunodeficiency virus153,154 |
Although capture of a virus by these lectins may have certain antiviral effects or promote the specific immunity against this pathogen, current experimental data suggest that the listed viruses may also employ these lectins to promote viral infection, spread or persistence.
References in Table 2 are listed in Supporting Information, Data S2. dimt: discussed in main text.