Table 2.
Language, Psychosocial, and Executive Functioning Scores by Group
| Group Mean (SD) | NH vs. HA vs. CI ANOVA | NH vs. DHH t-test | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome Measure | NH | HA | CI | DHH (HA+CI) |
F | P | t | p |
| I. Language | ||||||||
| CELF-4 Core | 117.8*+ | 82.4* | 63.2+ | 72.8 | F (2, 29) = 16.759 | p < .0001 | t (28) = 5.159 | p < .0001 |
| Language Standard | (6.1) | (27.8) | (23.7) | (6.04) | ||||
| Score | ||||||||
| PPVT-4 Standard | 122.1*+ | 93.5* | 78.4+ | 86.0 | F (2, 29) = 19.977 | p < .0001 | t (28) = 5.593 | p < .0001 |
| Score | (8.8) | (22.4) | (12.7) | (19.3) | ||||
| II. Psychosocial | ||||||||
| SSiS Social Skills | 109.9 | 94.6 | 96.1 | 95.4 | F (2, 29) = 0.829 | p = .447 | t (28) = 1.258 | p = .209 |
| Standard Score | (9.6) | (10.2) | (18.5) | (14.6) | ||||
| SSiS Problem | ||||||||
| Behaviors Standard Score |
95.4 (10.0) |
108.3 (14.7) |
102.7 (11.8) |
105.5 (13.3) |
F (2, 29) = 2.755 | p = .081 | t (28) = 2.115 | p = .043 |
| III. Executive Functioning | ||||||||
| BRIEF/P T-Score | ||||||||
| Inhibition | 46.4 (6.9) | 55.9(11.7) | 59.0(15.1) | 57.5(13.2) | F (2, 29) = 3.143 | p = .059 | t (28) = 2.465 | p = .020 |
| Working Memory | 47.7(10.7) | 56.7(18.6) | 54.9 (8.9) | 55.8(14.3) | F (2, 29) =1.258 | p = .300 | t (28) =1.584 | p = .125 |
Note. CELF = Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals; PPVT = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test; SSiS = Social Skills Improvement System Rating Scales; BRIEF = Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function
*, +
t-test significant (p ≤ .05) between two identified groups