Table 4.

Associations between Family Environment and Language for Children with Hearing Loss

	CELF-4 Core Language	PPVT-4
I. FES
Achievement Or’n	r = .072, p = .764	r = −.008, p = .974
Active-Recreational Or’n	r = .224, p = .342	r = .234, p = .321
Cohesion	r = .266, p = .257	r = .320, p = .170
Conflict	r = −.478, p = .033*	r = −.633, p = .003**
Control	r = .265, p = .259	r = .219, p = .354
Expressiveness	r = .421, p = .065	r = .412, p = .071
Independence	r = −.302, p = .196	r = −.025, p = .917
Intellectual-Cultural Or’n	r = .190, p = .421	r = .107, p = .654
Moral-Religious Emphasis	r = .356, p = .124	r = .269, p = .251
Organization	r = −.067, p = .779	r = −.012, p = .959
II. HOME
HOME – Total (% of possible)	r = .593, p = .006**	r = .654, p = .002*
HOME – Responsivity (% of possible)	r = −.175, p = .460	r = −.157, p = .508
HOME – Learning Materials (% of possible)	r = .598, p = .005**	r = .642, p = .002**
HOME – Physical Environment (% of possible)	r = .440, p = .052	r = .455, p = .044*

Note. Values are Pearson correlations. CELF = Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals; PPVT = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test; FES = Family Environment Scale; HOME = Home Observation Measurement of the Environment.

^*p ≤ .05,

^**p ≤ .01