Table 1.
Bleeding and stroke risk scores and comorbidity score calculated for each patient
| Risk score and scoring components | Score |
|---|---|
| Outpatient Bleeding Risk Index (OBRI) [20] | |
| Age ≥ 65 years | 1 |
| History of stroke | 1 |
| History of gastrointestinal bleeding | 1 |
| Recent myocardial infarction, haematocrit < 30 %, creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL or diabetes mellitus | 1 |
| Low risk 0, intermediate risk 1–2, high risk 3–4 | Maximum 4 |
| Anticoagulation and risk factors (ATRIA) [21] | |
| Anaemia | 3 |
| Renal disease | 3 |
| Age ≥ 75 years | 2 |
| Prior bleeding | 1 |
| Hypertension | 1 |
| Low risk 0–3, intermediate risk 4, high risk 5–10 | Maximum 10 |
| HEMORR2HAGES [22] | |
| Hepatic or renal disease | 1 |
| Ethanol abuse | 1 |
| Malignancy | 1 |
| Older age (age > 75 years) | 1 |
| Reduced platelet count or function | 1 |
| Hypertension (uncontrolled) | 1 |
| Anaemia | 1 |
| Genetic factors | 1 |
| Excessive falls risk | 1 |
| Stroke | 1 |
| Prior bleed | 2 |
| Low risk 0–3, intermediate risk 4, high risk 5–10 | Maximum 11 |
| HAS-BLED [23, 24] | |
| Hypertension | 1 |
| Abnormal renal function | 1 |
| Abnormal liver function | 1 |
| Stroke | 1 |
| Bleeding history or predisposition | 1 |
| Labile INR | 1 |
| Elderly | 1 |
| Drugs concomitantly | 1 |
| Alcohol concomitantly | 1 |
| Low risk 0–1, intermediate risk 2–3, high risk ≥4 | Maximum 9 |
| CHADS2 [25] | |
| Congestive heart failure | 1 |
| Hypertension | 1 |
| Age ≥75 years | 1 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1 |
| Stroke | 2 |
| Low risk 0, intermediate risk 1–2, high risk ≥3 | Maximum 6 |
| CHA2DS2-Vasc [26] | |
| Congestive heart failure | 1 |
| Hypertension | 1 |
| Age ≥ 65 years | 1 |
| Age ≥ 75 years | 2 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1 |
| Stroke | 2 |
| Vascular disease | 1 |
| Female | 1 |
| Low risk 0, intermediate risk 1, high risk ≥ 2 | Maximum 9 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index [18] | |
| Myocardial infarct | 1 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1 |
| Dementia | 1 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1 |
| Connective tissue disease | 1 |
| Ulcer disease | 1 |
| Mild liver disease | 1 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1 |
| Hemiplegia | 2 |
| Moderate or severe renal disease | 2 |
| Diabetes mellitus with end organ damage | 2 |
| Any tumour | 2 |
| Leukaemia | 2 |
| Lymphoma | 2 |
| Moderate or severe liver disease | 3 |
| Metastatic solid tumour | 6 |
| AIDS | 6 |
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, INR International Normalized Ratio