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. 2020 Feb 19;27(13):15488–15497. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-08021-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Photo images of oil-in-water emulsions before and after filtration by using the TNFS membranes. a1 A photo of the feed solution before filtration, and the oil was dyed in red. a2 A microscopic image of oil droplets in the feed solution before filtration. b1 A photo of the permeate solution after filtration by using the TNFS membranes. b2 A microscopic image of permeate solution after filtration, which shows that the solution becomes clear and that there are no visible oil droplets after filtration by using the TNFS membranes