TABLE 1.

Changes in mRNA level of insect neuropeptides after short (≤1 h) and prolonged (≥4 h) cold exposure.

Neuropeptide	Short cold stress	Prolonged cold stress
Adipokinetic hormone	n.e.	↑
Allatostatin A (FGL/AST)	↑	↓
Allatostatin CCC	↑	↑
Capability peptide	↑	↓/↑**
CCHamide	↓	n.e.
CNMamide	↓	↑
Corazonine	↓	n.e.
Eclosion hormone	n.e.	↓
Insulie-like peptide	n.e.	↑
Ion transport peptide	n.e./↑	↓
Kinin	n.e.	n.e./↑*
Myosuppressin	n.e.	↓
Orcokinin	n.e.	↑/↓
Proctolin	n.e.	↓
RYamide	↑	↓

Prepared based on the Li et al. (2020), Terhzaz et al. (2015), and Terhzaz et al. (2018). *The effect was observable during recovery time after cold stress in D. melanogaster and no effect was observed in B. tabaci during cold stress. **Li et al. (2020) showed decrease in capa level in B. tabaci after 4 h of cold stress, whereas Terhzaz et al. (2015) a significant increase in D. melanogaster after 6 and 24 h of cold stress, the arrows represent an increase (↑) and a decrease (↓) in gene expression. n.e., no effect observed.