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Efflux assay of ethidium bromide (EB) by whole cells of E. coli and its transformants. Energy-starved cells were pre-loaded with EB at a final concentration of 2.5 μM. After 5 min (downward arrow), glucose was added to cell suspensions at a final concentration of 25 mM to re-energize cells. The efflux of intracellular EB was monitored continuously by measuring the fluorescence of EB at the excitation and emission wavelengths of 500 and 580 nm, respectively.
