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. 2020 Apr 23;11:603. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00603

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Copyright © 2020 Priyamvada, Alabi, Leon, Kumar, Sambhara, Olson, Sello and Satheshkumar.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Inhibition of EV formation visualized by actin staining. (A) Confocal microscopy images of cells infected with VACV WR A4-YFP virus in the presence or absence of Retro-1 analogs PA63, PA24, and PA104. Few to no virus-loaded actin tails observed in the presence of Retro-1 analogs in comparison to virus-only treatment. Nuclei, actin, and VACV are stained blue, red, and green, respectively. Scale bars represent 5 μm. (B) Average number of virus-loaded actin tails per cell for each treatment. For each condition, virus-loaded actin tails from five to nine cells were counted (virus control: 9, PA24: 5, PA63: 9, and PA104: 7). Each dot represents one cell, and the average ± SEM for all four conditions are shown. Results of one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey multiple-comparisons test comparing the four treatments are described: **p ≤ 0.005 and ***p ≤ 0.0005.