Table 1.
Summary of common immune response genes studied in different vaccines and the adjuvants used to facilitate the immune responses in different populations with their comparisons to the HPV vaccine.
| Gene | Immune cells for expression | Function/Role | Study population and outcome | Studied vaccine | Comparison to HPV vaccine* | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BTNL2 | Major Histocompatibility Complex | Immune surveillance | Asian, variants associated with increased vaccine response | Hepatitis B | Similar, VLPs, same adjuvant, alum | (20, 46) |
| CD46 | C3-like protein | Inhibitory complement receptor | African and American, variants associated with reduced antibody response | Measles | Different, no alum adjuvant, live attenuated virus | (47, 48) |
| FOXP1 | FOX transcription factor families | DNA-binding-and protein-protein binding-domains | Asian, variants associated with increased vaccine response | Hepatitis B | Similar, VLPs, same adjuvant, alum | (20, 46) |
| HLA | Major Histocompatibility Complex | Present peptides to T cells | European, variants associated with persistence of immunity | Tetanus toxoid | Similar (inactive), same adjuvant, alum or alum + MPL | (5) |
| Asian, variants associated with both vaccine response and non-response | Hepatitis B | Similar, VLPs, same adjuvant, alum | (20, 49, 50) | |||
| American and European, variants associated with both increased and reduced antibody responses | Rubella | Different, no alum adjuvant, live attenuated virus | (40, 51) | |||
| American, variants associated with both humoral and cellular immunity | Measles | Different, no alum adjuvant, live attenuated virus | (20, 52) | |||
| African, activated HLA-DR+ CD4+ T cells associated with subsequent risk of TB disease | BCG | Different, no alum adjuvant, live attenuated virus | (42) | |||
| IL12B | Activated macrophages | Long-term protection to an intracellular pathogen | American, variants associated with increased antibody response | Measles | Different, no alum adjuvant, live attenuated virus | (41, 53) |
| ITGAL | All leukocytes | Leukocyte intercellular adhesion, lymphocyte co-stimulatory signaling | African, variants associated with increased vaccine response | Hepatitis B | Similar, VLPs, same adjuvant, alum | (54) |
| PVR | Plasma cells (Immunoglobulin) | Protein coding, cell adhesion molecule | American, variants associated with reduced antibody levels | Rubella | Different, no alum adjuvant, live attenuated virus | (55) |
| RARB | Thyroid-steroid hormone receptors | Protein coding | American, variants associated with reduced antibody levels | Rubella | Different, no alum adjuvant, live attenuated virus | (55) |
| American, variants associated with increased antibody response | Measles | Different, no alum adjuvant, live attenuated virus | (14) | |||
| RIG1 | Interferon-gamma | Initiate antiviral immunity of RNA virus infection, regulation of immune response | American, variants were associated with antibody variations in Caucasians | Measles | Different, no alum adjuvant, live attenuated virus | (14) |
| SIRP | Myeloid dendritic cells, T-cells and a subset of B cells | Innate immune recognition and regulation, enhances antigen-specific T cell proliferation | European, variants associated with persistence of immunity | Haemophilus influenza type b | Different, conjugate but same adjuvant, alum | (5) |
| European, variants associated with persistence of immunity | Group C Meningococcal | Different, can be conjugated or unconjugated | (5) |
- The interactions between vaccine adjuvants, host immunogenetic and immunogenomic polymorphisms are purely of authors' opinions.
-“similar” means the “studied vaccine” has a resemblance to the HPV vaccine by containing the same adjuvant (which is then named after. e.g., Alum) and/or the same mode of action. e.g., Viral-like particles.
- “different” means the “studied vaccine” differs from the HPV vaccine either by NOT containing the same adjuvant or by having a different mode of action e.g., live attenuated virus.
- Alum and/or alum+MPL are among the types of adjuvants HPV vaccine contains.